Reviewed by:

• Duty Beyond the Battlefield: African American Soldiers Fight for Racial Uplift, Citizenship, and Manhood, 1870–1920 by Le'Trice D. Donaldson
• Holly A. Pinheiro Jr.

By the mid-nineteenth century, African American men frequently encountered rhetoric that emphasized that serving in the U.S. Army provided them with an avenue to "prove" their manhood (p. 4). From 1870 to 1920, African American soldiering's meaning evolved to include self-definitions of citizenship, civil rights activism, and modernized self-images of the "New Negro" (p. 5). Through an examination of the Reconstruction era, the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War, and World War I, Le'Trice D. Donaldson's Duty Beyond the Battlefield: African American Soldiers Fight for Racial Uplift, Citizenship, and Manhood, 1870–1920 effectively illustrates that African American soldiers were essential figures, often on the front lines, enforcing federal government and military policies. As a result, African American soldiers were directly responsible for forcing various Native American tribes onto reservations and for imposing U.S. imperialism upon Filipinos. However, African American soldiers continually had to fight against racial discrimination from whites who saw them as racially inferior. To whites, it did not matter that twenty-two African American soldiers died on the U.S.S. Maine in Havana. Neither did their participation in the battle of San Juan Hill, which included future U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt.

Across the United States, as Donaldson notes, numerous African American soldiers discovered, unfortunately, that the U.S. Army uniform would not protect them from racial discrimination, including large- and small-scale violence. For instance, in 1898 a race riot broke out in Wilmington, North Carolina; African American soldiers were among the victims of violence after local whites claimed that African Americans were sexually assaulting white women. Meanwhile, the story of Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African [End Page 354] American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point, who later received the rank of second lieutenant, denotes a complicated case of an African American man who dealt with racism from white officers while having little to no relationship with African American enlisted men. Flipper later received a court-martial for suspected embezzlement. Donaldson notes that as the case progressed, Flipper dealt with racism from whites and exclusion from African Americans for failing to uplift his race through his actions. Flipper's case reveals that tensions existed among African Americans as they battled to shape their self-image and refute negative racial stereotypes that whites unfairly imposed on them.

Even with the unending onslaught of racism, African American soldiers found ways to emphasize, among themselves, racial uplift and empowerment through their military service. Whether it was showing respect toward Filipino people or showing bravery in combat while serving in France, African American soldiers demonstrated honorable actions. Thus Donaldson astutely shows that African American soldiers used military service as a pathway to reinvent themselves and their public images, especially internationally, while simultaneously combating racism. Donaldson's work builds a much-needed historiographical bridge between the post–Civil War period and World War I when analyzing African American military service. As a result, it is clear that it is crucial to recognize that the legacy of United States Colored Troops service continued for generations, but it evolved.

In closing, Donaldson's book is highly recommended. Her prose is well written, and Duty Beyond the Battlefield will be a valuable text for both undergraduate- and graduate-level courses that examine the intersections of race, gender, class, and military service. Additionally, Donaldson's book will be approachable for history buffs and for those genuinely interested in learning more about military service's racial politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

审核人：

• 超越战场的职责：勒索·D·唐纳森（Le'Trice D. Donaldson），1870– 1920年，非洲裔美国士兵为种族提升，公民身份和男子气概而战
• 小冬青A.

到19世纪中叶，非洲裔美国人经常遇到夸夸其谈的言论，这些言论强调在美军服役为他们提供了“证明”男子气概的途径（第4页）。从1870年到1920年，非洲裔美国士兵的含义演变为包括公民身份的自我定义，民权活动主义和“新黑人”的现代化自我形象（第5页）。通过对重建时代，西班牙裔美国人-古巴-菲律宾战争和第一次世界大战的考察，Le'Trice D. Donaldson在战场之外的职责：1870年至1920年，非裔美国人士兵为种族提升，公民身份和成年作斗争有效地说明，非裔美国人士兵是必不可少的人物，常常在前线执行联邦政府和军事政策。结果，非裔美国人士兵直接负责迫使各种美洲原住民部落进入保留地，并将美帝国主义强加给菲律宾人。但是，非洲裔美国人的士兵不断地与白人的种族歧视作斗争，白人认为他们的种族劣等。对于白人来说，在哈瓦那的缅因州海军上将有22名非洲裔美国士兵丧生无关紧要。他们也没有参加圣胡安山之战，其中包括未来的美国总统罗斯福。

正如唐纳森所指出的那样，不幸的是，在美国各地，许多非裔美国人的士兵发现，美国陆军制服不会保护他们免受种族歧视，包括大规模和小规模的暴力。例如，1898年，北卡罗来纳州威尔明顿爆发了一场种族骚乱。在当地白人声称非裔美国人对白人妇女进行性侵犯之后，非裔美国人士兵成为暴力行为的受害者之一。同时，第一个非洲人亨利·奥西·弗莱珀（Henry Ossian Flipper）的故事[结束第354页]将从西点美国军事学院毕业的美国人，后来获得第二中尉的职位，这是一个复杂的案例，一个非洲裔美国人与白人军官进行种族主义斗争，而与非洲裔美国人入伍者几乎没有关系。Flipper后来因涉嫌挪用公款而被法庭起诉。唐纳森（Donaldson）指出，随着案件的进展，弗莱珀（Flipper）处理了白人的种族主义和非裔美国人的排斥，原因是他未能通过自己的举动来提升自己的种族。弗莱珀（Flipper）的案子显示，非洲裔美国人在努力塑造自己的形象并驳斥白人不公平地施加于他们的负面种族刻板印象时，存在紧张关系。

甚至在种族主义无休止的冲击下，非洲裔美国士兵也找到了在自己的兵役中强调种族提升和赋权的方法。无论是对菲律宾人民表示敬意，还是在法国服役时表现勇敢，非洲裔美国士兵都表现出光荣的行动。因此，唐纳森敏锐地表明，非洲裔美国士兵利用兵役作为改造自己和公众形象的途径，尤其是在国际上，同时与种族主义作斗争。当分析非裔美国人的兵役时，唐纳森的工作在内战后时期和第一次世界大战之间架起了急需的史学桥梁。因此，很显然，至关重要的是要认识到美国有色人种部队的服务已延续了几代人，

最后，强烈推荐唐纳森的书。她的散文写得很好，《超越战场的职责》将是本科和研究生课程的宝贵文字，这些课程将研究种族，性别，阶级和兵役的交集。此外，唐纳森的书对于历史爱好者和那些真正有兴趣在19世纪末至20世纪初了解更多有关军种的种族政治的人来说将是平易近人的。