Abstract

The popularity of nanotechnology results from the possibility of obtaining materials that have better chemical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, or optical properties. Nano-sized materials are characterized by an increased surface area, which improves their chemical reactivity and mobility. Due to their enhanced reactivity and appropriately small size, some nanoparticles are used as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. The adhesion of nanoparticles to microbial cells, and reactive oxygen species, and their penetration inside the cells, have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action. This review presents the mechanism of action of nanometals and oxide nanoparticles used as antimicrobials and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to the toxic effects of nanoparticles. The article presents methods of forming microorganism resistance to the toxic effects of nanoparticles and the negative impact of nanoparticles on human health.

摘要

纳米技术的普及源于获得具有更好化学、电学、热学、机械或光学特性的材料的可能性。纳米尺寸材料的特点是表面积增加，这提高了它们的化学反应性和流动性。由于其增强的反应性和适当的小尺寸，一些纳米颗粒被用作抗菌剂和抗真菌剂。纳米颗粒通过多方面的机制表现出抗菌潜力。纳米颗粒对微生物细胞的粘附、活性氧以及它们在细胞内的渗透，已被认为是最突出的抗菌作用模式。本综述介绍了用作抗菌剂的纳米金属和氧化物纳米粒子的作用机制以及细菌对纳米粒子毒性作用的抗性机制。本文介绍了形成微生物对纳米颗粒毒性作用的抵抗力的方法，以及纳米颗粒对人类健康的负面影响。