Extravehicular activity (EVA) is one of the most dangerous activities of human space exploration. To ensure astronaut safety and mission success, it is imperative to identify and mitigate the inherent risks and challenges associated with EVAs. As we continue to explore beyond low earth orbit and embark on missions back to the Moon and onward to Mars, it becomes critical to reassess EVA risks in the context of a planetary surface, rather than in microgravity. This review addresses the primary risks associated with EVAs and identifies strategies that could be implemented to mitigate those risks during planetary surface exploration. Recent findings within the context of spacesuit design, Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and lessons learned from analog research sites are summarized, and how their application could pave the way for future long-duration space missions is discussed. In this context, we divided EVA risk mitigation strategies into two main categories: (1) spacesuit design and (2) CONOPS. Spacesuit design considerations include hypercapnia prevention, thermal regulation and humidity control, nutrition, hydration, waste management, health and fitness, decompression sickness, radiation shielding, and dust mitigation. Operational strategies discussed include astronaut fatigue and psychological stressors, communication delays, and the use of augmented reality/virtual reality technologies. Although there have been significant advances in EVA performance, further research and development are still warranted to enable safer and more efficient surface exploration activities in the upcoming future.

舱外活动（EVA）是人类太空探索中最危险的活动之一。为了确保宇航员的安全和飞行任务的成功，必须确定和减轻与EVA相关的固有风险和挑战。随着我们继续探索低地球轨道并执行返回月球和火星的任务，重新评估在行星表面而不是在微重力环境下的EVA风险变得至关重要。这项审查解决了与EVA相关的主要风险，并确定了可实施的策略来减轻行星地表勘探期间的那些风险。总结了宇航服设计，作战概念（CONOPS）方面的最新发现，以及从模拟研究站点中学到的经验教训，讨论了它们的应用如何为未来的长期太空任务铺平道路。在这种情况下，我们将EVA风险缓解策略分为两大类：（1）宇航服设计和（2）CONOPS。宇航服的设计考虑因素包括预防高碳酸血症，调节温度和湿度，营养，水分，废物管理，健康和健身，减压病，辐射屏蔽和减尘。讨论的操作策略包括宇航员的疲劳和心理压力，沟通延迟以及增强现实/虚拟现实技术的使用。尽管EVA性能已取得重大进步，但仍需要进一步的研究和开发，以在未来的将来实现更安全，更高效的地面勘探活动。