Inappropriate use of pesticides has globally exposed mankind to a number of health hazards. Still their production is rising at the rate of 11 % annually and, has already exceeded more than 5 million tons in 2000 (FAO 2017). Plenty of available data reveals that pesticides exposures through agricultural use and food-preservative residue consumption may lead to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive motor impairment and a neurodegenerative disorder, considered as the leading source of motor disability. Pesticides strongly inhibit mitochondrial Complex-I, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), thus leading to pathophysiologic implications of PD.

Current medical treatment strategies, including pharmacotherapeutics and supportive therapies can only provide symptomatic relief. While complementary and alternative medicines including traditional medicine or acupuncture are considered as beneficial ways of treatment with significant clinical effect. Medically non-responding cases can be treated by surgical means, ‘Deep Brain Stimulation’. Cell therapy is also an emerging and promising technology for disease modeling and drug development in PD. Their main aim is to replace and/or support the lost and dying dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Recently I/II clinical phase trial (Japan) have used dopaminergic progenitors generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells which can unveil a successful cell therapy to treat PD symptoms efficiently.

This review focuses on PD caused by pesticides use, current treatment modalities, and ongoing research updates. Since PD is not a cell-autonomous disease rather caused by multiple factors, a combinatorial therapeutic approach may address not only the motor-related symptoms but also non-motor cognitive-behavioral issues.

农药的不当使用在全球范围内使人类面临许多健康危害。它们的产量仍然以每年 11% 的速度增长，并且在 2000 年已经超过 500 万吨（FAO 2017）。大量可用数据表明，通过农业使用和食用食品防腐剂残留物接触农药可能导致帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病。

帕金森病 (PD) 是一种进行性运动障碍和神经退行性疾病，被认为是运动障碍的主要原因。农药强烈抑制线粒体复合物-I，导致黑质（SN）中的线粒体功能障碍和多巴胺能神经元死亡，从而导致PD的病理生理学意义。

目前的药物治疗策略，包括药物治疗和支持疗法，只能提供症状缓解。而包括传统医学或针灸在内的补充和替代药物被认为是具有显着临床效果的有益治疗方法。医学上无反应的病例可以通过外科手段“脑深部刺激”进行治疗。细胞疗法也是用于 PD 疾病建模和药物开发的新兴且有前景的技术。他们的主要目的是替换和/或支持 SN 中丢失和垂死的多巴胺能神经元。最近 I/II 临床阶段试验（日本）使用了由诱导多能干 (iPS) 细胞产生的多巴胺能祖细胞，这可以揭示一种成功的细胞疗法来有效治疗 PD 症状。

本综述重点关注农药使用引起的 PD、当前的治疗方式和正在进行的研究更新。由于 PD 不是一种细胞自主疾病，而是由多种因素引起的，因此组合治疗方法不仅可以解决运动相关症状，还可以解决非运动认知行为问题。