According to some evolutionary theorists human prosocial dispositions emerged in a context of inter-group competition and violence that made our psychology parochially prosocial, ie. cooperative towards in-groups and competitive towards strangers. This evolutionary hypothesis is sometimes employed in bioethical debates to argue that human nature and contemporary environments, and especially large-scale societies, are mismatched. In this article we caution against the use of mismatch theories in moral philosophy in general and discuss empirical evidence that puts into question mismatch theories based on parochial prosociality. Evolutionary mismatch theories play at best a rhetorical role in these moral debates and may misrepresent the status of relevant evolutionary research. We finally recommend that moral philosophers interested in the evolutionary literature also engage with dispositions such as xenophilia and social tolerance to counterbalance the focus on psychological mismatches adopted so far.

根据一些进化理论家的说法，人类的亲社会倾向是在群体间竞争和暴力的背景下出现的，这使得我们的心理变得狭隘地亲社会，即。对群体内合作，对陌生人竞争。这种进化假说有时被用在生物伦理学辩论中，以论证人性和当代环境，尤其是大规模社会，是不匹配的。在本文中，我们警告不要在一般道德哲学中使用失配理论，并讨论对基于狭隘亲社会性的失配理论提出质疑的经验证据。进化失配理论在这些道德辩论中充其量只是起到了修辞作用，并且可能歪曲了相关进化研究的现状。最后，我们建议对进化论文献感兴趣的道德哲学家也参与诸如仇外和社会宽容等倾向，以平衡迄今为止对心理不匹配的关注。