Previous research located two opposite findings and frequently used threat perceptions and value-support to explain the relationship between religiosity and attitudes toward immigrants: Religious individuals have negative attitudes toward immigrants because they support conservative values and feel threatened by unfamiliar groups. Second, they are open toward immigrants because they integrate prosocial and altruistic teachings of religion into their daily lives. Both lines have been confirmed repeatedly, which is puzzling. I argue that we need to consider all three factors (religiosity, value-support, threat perceptions) simultaneously and explore their mutual interactions. In this study, I test this line of argumentation empirically with data from the European Social Survey (Round 7). The analyses reveal that religiosity has the weakest direct effect on attitudes toward immigrants. Threat perceptions, on the other hand, have the strongest direct effects, followed by value-support. However, religiosity affects the attitudes toward immigrants indirectly via threat perceptions. These findings highlight that religiosity, value-support, and threat perceptions are closely linked and need simultaneous consideration to make reliable claims about their effects.

中文翻译：

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在欧洲反对移民：宗教、价值观和威胁之间的相互作用

先前的研究发现了两个相反的发现，并经常使用威胁感知和价值支持来解释宗教信仰和对移民的态度之间的关系：宗教人士对移民持消极态度，因为他们支持保守的价值观，并感到受到陌生群体的威胁。其次，他们对移民持开放态度，因为他们将亲社会和利他主义的宗教教义融入了他们的日常生活。两条线都得到了反复确认，令人费解。我认为我们需要同时考虑所有三个因素（宗教信仰、价值支持、威胁感知）并探索它们之间的相互作用。在这项研究中，我用欧洲社会调查（第 7 轮）的数据实证检验了这一论点。分析表明，宗教信仰对移民态度的直接影响最弱。另一方面，威胁感知具有最强的直接影响，其次是价值支持。然而，宗教信仰通过威胁感知间接影响对移民的态度。这些发现强调了宗教信仰、价值支持和威胁感知密切相关，需要同时考虑以对其影响做出可靠的声明。