Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a continuously rising prevalence worldwide. Pharmacogenetics has been recognized as a promising concept for pharmacological treatment of T2D, as antidiabetic drugs are not equally effective and safe for all patients, and the costs of diabetes treatment are increasing. The latest published guidelines on T2D treatment firmly endorse the use of newer antidiabetic drugs, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-IVi), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), considering their satisfactory pharmacological effect and good safety profile. Furthermore, SGLT2i and GLP-1RA show protective effects in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. However, there has been growing evidence that the effectiveness and safety of these drug classes could depend on genetic variability. Here, we summarized the results of the published studies on the pharmacogenetic biomarkers for the three drug classes. A number of genetic variations have been investigated so far. The explored candidate genes mostly encode drug targets, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and genes linked to T2D risk. Although many of the results are promising, it is still necessary to obtain more information from larger controlled studies to confirm their clinical significance. This approach may lead towards more personalized treatment for patients with T2D.

中文翻译：

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新型抗糖尿病药物的药物遗传学。

2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 在全球范围内的患病率持续上升。药物遗传学已被认为是 T2D 药物治疗的一个有前景的概念，因为抗糖尿病药物并非对所有患者都同样有效和安全，而且糖尿病治疗的成本正在增加。最新发布的 T2D 治疗指南坚决支持使用新型抗糖尿病药物、钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白 2 抑制剂 (SGLT2i)、二肽基肽酶 4 抑制剂 (DPP-IVi) 和胰高血糖素样肽 1 受体激动剂 (GLP- 1RA），考虑到它们令人满意的药理作用和良好的安全性。此外，SGLT2i 和 GLP-1RA 对已确诊的动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病和慢性肾病患者具有保护作用。然而，越来越多的证据表明，这些药物类别的有效性和安全性可能取决于遗传变异性。在这里，我们总结了已发表的关于三种药物类别的药物遗传学生物标志物的研究结果。迄今为止，已经研究了许多遗传变异。探索的候选基因主要编码药物靶点、药物代谢酶和与 T2D 风险相关的基因。尽管许多结果很有希望，但仍有必要从更大规模的对照研究中获得更多信息，以确认其临床意义。这种方法可能会导致对 T2D 患者进行更加个性化的治疗。迄今为止，已经研究了许多遗传变异。探索的候选基因主要编码药物靶点、药物代谢酶和与 T2D 风险相关的基因。尽管许多结果很有希望，但仍有必要从更大规模的对照研究中获得更多信息，以确认其临床意义。这种方法可能会导致对 T2D 患者进行更加个性化的治疗。迄今为止，已经研究了许多遗传变异。探索的候选基因主要编码药物靶点、药物代谢酶和与 T2D 风险相关的基因。尽管许多结果很有希望，但仍有必要从更大规模的对照研究中获得更多信息，以确认其临床意义。这种方法可能会导致对 T2D 患者进行更加个性化的治疗。