Background

The exposure to air pollution and noise is severely impacting people's health and is especially high alongside urban road- and rail-traffic. In traditional exposure research, air pollution and noise are monitored with stationary measurement devices or based on models. During the last years, mobile measurement techniques with GPS-tracking have increased. Moreover, studies have investigated another dimension of personal exposure: the perceived exposure.

Aim

Most of these studies make use of quantitative methods such as surveys, complemented by stationary or wearable sensors. Little research exist that applies qualitative methods to examine how people experience and perceive exposure on-the-move, contrasting it to actual measurements. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential of a novel method, which extends the dimensions of personal exposure by including the situational context of exposure perception.

Methods/case study

Firstly, different methods for exposure research are presented. Secondly, we introduce a novel mixed-method approach, exploring cyclists and pedestrians perceived and measured exposure on-the-move by combining mobile interviews (Go-/Ride-Alongs) and wearable sensors. We will present the methodological findings using a case study and have a quantitative method (smartphone questionnaire, wearable sensors) as a reference.

Results and discussion

The differences of perceived and measured exposure, proven through the reference method, are a result of different situational contexts as shown by the mobile interviews (knowledge, embodied experience, life situation, activities). The methodological findings show, that mobile methods complemented by wearables introduce new dimensions of personal exposure: they shed light on the situational contexts that affect exposure perception during commute.

Conclusion

We argue that both, perceived and measured exposure to air pollution and noise, need to be considered simultaneously. Complementing mobile interviews or surveys with wearable sensor data improves the understanding of urban dwellers requirements for healthier mobility. Potentials of these methods should be investigated further, both in research and for supporting urban transport planning decisions adapted to people's needs.

中文翻译：

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扩展个人接触评估的范围：关于在交通中感知和测量到的噪声和空气污染的方法论讨论

背景

空气污染和噪音的暴露严重影响着人们的健康，尤其是在城市道路和铁路交通中。在传统的暴露研究中，使用固定的测量设备或基于模型来监视空气污染和噪声。在过去的几年中，具有GPS跟踪功能的移动测量技术有所增加。此外，研究还调查了个人暴露的另一个方面：感知暴露。

目标

这些研究大多数都使用定量方法（例如调查），辅之以固定式或可穿戴式传感器。很少有研究采用定性方法来检验人们在移动中如何体验和感知曝光，并将其与实际测量结果进行对比。本文的目的是讨论一种新方法的潜力，该方法通过包括暴露感知的情境来扩展个人暴露的范围。

方法/案例研究

首先，提出了不同的暴露研究方法。其次，我们引入了一种新颖的混合方法，通过结合移动式采访（骑行/骑行）和可穿戴传感器，探索骑车人和行人在移动中感知并测量的暴露程度。我们将通过案例研究介绍方法学发现，并以定量方法（智能手机问卷，可穿戴传感器）作为参考。

结果和讨论

通过参考方法证明的感知暴露和测量暴露的差异是由于移动访谈（知识，具体经验，生活状况，活动）所显示的不同情境的结果。方法论的发现表明，移动方法与可穿戴设备的补充引入了个人暴露的新维度：它们揭示了影响通勤过程中暴露感知的情境。

结论

我们认为，感知和测量的空气污染和噪声暴露都需要同时考虑。用可穿戴的传感器数据补充移动采访或调查，可以增进对城市居民对健康出行需求的了解。这些方法的潜力应在研究中以及在支持适应人们需求的城市交通规划决策方面进行进一步研究。