ABSTRACT

This paper proposes four comprehensive institutional measures for countering epistemic injustice. Driven by the distinction between transactional and structural injustice, we argue that approaches which call for individual virtue overlook the social inequalities that reproduce unjust epistemic relationships. The task of remedying epistemic injustice, therefore, falls upon institutions. First, we review recent empirical research to show why the virtue theoretical model fails to address even transactional instances of epistemic injustice. We then argue that, due to unequal access to education, seemingly justified ascriptions of trust can entrench differential epistemic development. We have limited our proposal to four measures that shield vulnerable groups against injustice and improve the epistemic environment. Institutional epistemic justice demands that, first, all groups enjoy fair and equal access to education and the opportunity to acquire the socially recognized markers of credibility. Second, epistemic justice requires that marginalized groups have access to the relevant public platforms, such as politics and journalism, for voicing their social perspectives. Third, fair access to public positions can aid vulnerable groups in attaining rewarding careers, publicly affirming their epistemic resources, and rupturing the cycle of epistemic disadvantage. As our fourth and final measure, we propose institutional mechanisms for eliminating identity markers from formal epistemic exchanges.

摘要

本文提出了四项全面的制度措施来对抗认识上的不公正。在交易性和结构性不公正之间的区别的推动下，我们认为需要个人美德的方法忽视了社会不平等，这些社会不平等会再现不公正的认知关系。因此，纠正认识上的不公正的任务落在了制度上。首先，我们回顾了最近的实证研究，以说明为什么美德理论模型甚至无法解决认知不公正的交易实例。然后，我们认为，由于受教育机会不平等，看似合理的信任归属会巩固差异认知发展。我们将我们的建议限制在四项措施上，以保护弱势群体免受不公正待遇并改善认知环境。制度认知正义要求，首先，所有群体都享有公平和平等的受教育机会，以及获得社会认可的可信度标志的机会。其次，认知正义要求边缘群体能够利用相关的公共平台，例如政治和新闻，来表达他们的社会观点。第三，公平获得公共职位可以帮助弱势群体获得有益的职业，公开肯定他们的认知资源，并打破认知劣势的循环。作为我们的第四个也是最后一个措施，我们提出了从正式认知交流中消除身份标记的制度机制。认知正义要求边缘化群体能够使用相关的公共平台，例如政治和新闻，以表达他们的社会观点。第三，公平获得公共职位可以帮助弱势群体获得有益的职业，公开肯定他们的认知资源，并打破认知劣势的循环。作为我们的第四项也是最后一项措施，我们提出了从正式认知交流中消除身份标记的制度机制。认知正义要求边缘化群体能够使用相关的公共平台，例如政治和新闻，以表达他们的社会观点。第三，公平获得公共职位可以帮助弱势群体获得有益的职业，公开肯定他们的认知资源，并打破认知劣势的循环。作为我们的第四项也是最后一项措施，我们提出了从正式认知交流中消除身份标记的制度机制。