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A Multi-Channel and Multi-Spatial Attention Convolutional Neural Network for Prostate Cancer ISUP Grading
Applied Sciences ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-11 , DOI: 10.3390/app11104321
Bochen Yang , Zhifeng Xiao

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. As the demand for prostate biopsies increases, a worldwide shortage and an uneven geographical distribution of proficient pathologists place a strain on the efficacy of pathological diagnosis. Deep learning (DL) is able to automatically extract features from whole-slide images of prostate biopsies annotated by skilled pathologists and to classify the severity of PCa. A whole-slide image of biopsies has many irrelevant features that weaken the performance of DL models. To enable DL models to focus more on cancerous tissues, we propose a Multi-Channel and Multi-Spatial (MCMS) Attention module that can be easily plugged into any backbone CNN to enhance feature extraction. Specifically, MCMS learns a channel attention vector to assign weights to channels in the feature map by pooling from multiple attention branches with different reduction ratios; similarly, it also learns a spatial attention matrix to focus on more relevant areas of the image, by pooling from multiple convolutional layers with different kernel sizes. The model is verified on the most extensive multi-center PCa dataset that consists of 11,000 H&E-stained histopathology whole-slide images. Experimental results demonstrate that an MCMS-assisted CNN can effectively boost prediction performance in accuracy (ACC) and quadratic weighted kappa (QWK), compared with prior studies. The proposed model and results can serve as a credible benchmark for future research in automated PCa grading.

中文翻译:

前列腺癌ISUP分级的多通道,多空间注意力卷积神经网络

前列腺癌(PCa)是世界上最流行的癌症之一。随着对前列腺活检的需求的增加,全球范围内的短缺和熟练病理学家的地理分布不均给病理诊断的效率带来了压力。深度学习(DL)能够从前列腺活检的完整幻灯片图像中自动提取特征,并由熟练的病理学家进行注释,并对PCa的严重程度进行分类。活检的全幻灯片图像具有许多不相关的特征,这些特征会削弱DL模型的性能。为了使DL模型能够更多地关注癌组织,我们提出了一种多通道和多空间(MCMS)注意模块,可以将其轻松插入任何主干CNN中以增强特征提取。具体来说,MCMS通过从多个具有不同缩小率的注意力分支集中来学习通道注意力向量,以在特征图中的通道上分配权重;类似地,它还通过从具有不同内核大小的多个卷积层中合并来学习空间注意力矩阵,以专注于图像的更多相关区域。该模型在最广泛的多中心PCa数据集上进行了验证,该数据集包含11,000例H&E染色的组织病理学全幻灯片图像。实验结果表明,与以前的研究相比,MCMS辅助的CNN可以有效地提高准确性(ACC)和二次加权kappa(QWK)的预测性能。提出的模型和结果可以作为未来PCa自动分级研究的可靠基准。它还通过从具有不同内核大小的多个卷积层中合并,来学习一个空间注意力矩阵,以专注于图像的更多相关区域。该模型在最广泛的多中心PCa数据集上进行了验证,该数据集包含11,000例H&E染色的组织病理学全幻灯片图像。实验结果表明,与以前的研究相比,MCMS辅助的CNN可以有效地提高准确性(ACC)和二次加权kappa(QWK)的预测性能。提出的模型和结果可以作为未来PCa自动分级研究的可靠基准。它还通过从具有不同内核大小的多个卷积层中合并,来学习一个空间注意力矩阵,以专注于图像的更多相关区域。该模型在最广泛的多中心PCa数据集上进行了验证,该数据集包含11,000例H&E染色的组织病理学全幻灯片图像。实验结果表明,与以前的研究相比,MCMS辅助的CNN可以有效地提高准确性(ACC)和二次加权kappa(QWK)的预测性能。提出的模型和结果可以作为未来PCa自动分级研究的可靠基准。000 H&E染色的组织病理学全幻灯片图像。实验结果表明,与以前的研究相比,MCMS辅助的CNN可以有效地提高准确性(ACC)和二次加权kappa(QWK)的预测性能。提出的模型和结果可以作为未来PCa自动分级研究的可靠基准。000 H&E染色的组织病理学全幻灯片图像。实验结果表明,与以前的研究相比,MCMS辅助的CNN可以有效地提高准确性(ACC)和二次加权kappa(QWK)的预测性能。提出的模型和结果可以作为未来PCa自动分级研究的可靠基准。
更新日期:2021-05-11
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