The Bay of Naples, Italy, is renowned for its archaeological heritage. However, this heritage is threatened by the combination of weathering and the biological activity of microorganisms. Fungi are among the major agents of microbial deterioration of cultural heritage since they can cause cracks and lesions in monuments due to the penetrating force of their hyphae. Such biodeterioration may weaken the stone structures and threaten the longevity of these culturally important monuments. To address this, we collected, identified, and maintained in culture filamentous fungi that colonize the external surface of monuments at five important archaeological sites near Naples, namely Cuma, Ercolano, Nola, Oplonti, and Pompei. We isolated a total of 27 fungal taxa, all of which can be cultivated in the laboratory, and form a part of our reference collection. Many of the described fungal taxa we found belong to groups that are involved in stone biodeterioration and can thus be considered as model organisms for in vitro studies. These results emphasize the importance of identifying and cultivating fungal stock cultures for non-invasive studies on biodeterioration. Our newly developed reference collection represents a useful resource that is available to other researchers to rapidly identify potentially hazardous fungi on other monuments.

中文翻译：

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那不勒斯湾与联合国教科文组织文化遗产相关的真菌的社区组成和异地栽培

意大利那不勒斯湾以其考古遗产而闻名。但是，这种传统受到风化和微生物生物活性的共同威胁。真菌是文化遗产中微生物恶化的主要诱因之一，因为真菌会由于其菌丝的穿透力而导致纪念碑上的裂缝和损伤。这种生物恶化可能会削弱石头的结构，并威胁这些具有重要文化意义的古迹的寿命。为了解决这个问题，我们在那不勒斯附近的五个重要考古遗址，即库马，埃尔科拉诺，诺拉，奥普隆蒂和庞贝，在纪念碑的外表面定殖了纪念碑外表面的丝状真菌，并对其进行了维护。我们总共分离出27种真菌类群，所有这些都可以在实验室中进行培养，并成为我们参考收藏的一部分。我们发现许多描述的真菌类群属于与结石生物退化有关的群体，因此可以被认为是用于体外研究的模型生物。这些结果强调了鉴定和培养真菌原种培养物用于非恶化性生物恶化研究的重要性。我们新开发的参考馆藏提供了有用的资源，可供其他研究人员快速识别其他古迹上的潜在有害真菌。