The paper proposes a new method for adjusting classical terrestrial observations (total station) together with satellite (GNSS-Global Navigation Satellite Systems) vectors. All the observations are adjusted in a single common three-dimensional system of reference. The proposed method does not require the observations to be projected onto an ellipsoid or converted between reference systems. The adjustment process follows the transformation of a classical geodetic network (distances and horizontal and vertical angles) into a spatial linear (distance) network. This step facilitates easy integration with GNSS vectors when results are numerically processed. The paper offers detailed formulas for calculating pseudo-observations (spatial distances) from input terrestrial observations (horizontal and vertical angles, horizontal distances, height of instrument and height of target). The next stage was to set observation equations and transform them into a linear form (functional adjustment model of geodetic observations). A method was provided as well for determining the mean errors of the pseudo-observations, necessary to assess the accuracy of the values following the adjustment (point coordinates). The proposed algorithm was verified in practice whereby an integrated network made up of a GNSS vector network and a classical linear-angular network was adjusted.

中文翻译：

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由GNSS向量和经典地面线性伪观测组成的综合大地测量网络的调整

本文提出了一种与卫星（GNSS-全球导航卫星系统）矢量一起调整经典地面观测（全站仪）的新方法。所有观察值均在一个通用的三维参考系统中进行调整。所提出的方法不需要将观测值投影到椭球上或在参考系统之间转换。调整过程是将经典的大地测量网络（距离以及水平和垂直角度）转换为空间线性（距离）网络。当对结果进行数值处理时，此步骤便于与GNSS向量轻松集成。本文提供了详细的公式，可根据输入的地面观测值（水平和垂直角度，水平距离，仪器高度和目标高度）。下一步是设置观测方程并将其转换为线性形式（大地观测的功能调整模型）。还提供了一种方法，用于确定伪观测的平均误差，这是评估调整后的值（点坐标）的准确性所必需的。该算法在实践中得到了验证，调整了由GNSS向量网络和经典线性角网络组成的集成网络。评估调整后值（点坐标）的准确性所必需的。该算法在实践中得到了验证，可以对由GNSS向量网络和经典线性角网络组成的集成网络进行调整。评估调整后值（点坐标）的准确性所必需的。该算法在实践中得到了验证，可以对由GNSS向量网络和经典线性角网络组成的集成网络进行调整。