Abstract

Even though transgender people continue to experience violence and discrimination in many aspects of life, there has been progressive recognition of their experiences and demands in recent decades. This article analyses the process of claiming civil rights and the evolution of health care for transgender people in Spain, from the mid-1970s to the present day, paying particular attention to the narratives of key actors involved. To this end, three socio-historical periods are identified: (1) the travesti period (the mid-1970s to the early 1990s), characterised by strong social and institutional transphobia and resulting self-care practices; (2) the transexual period (mid-1990s to the 2000s), when demands for health care were institutionalised under a pathological medical model; and (3) the transgénero or trans period (2010s until the present) when identity and bodily autonomy have been re-claimed through a socio-cultural prism that has denounced pathologisation. At each stage, political, social and economic factors intervened at both national and international levels to trigger an ongoing negotiation between transgender movements and dominant social institutions, all within a changing universe of social values.

摘要

尽管跨性别者在生活的许多方面继续遭受暴力和歧视，但近几十年来，人们逐渐认识到他们的经历和要求。本文分析了从 1970 年代中期到现在西班牙主张公民权利的过程和跨性别者医疗保健的演变，并特别关注相关关键参与者的叙述。为此，确定了三个社会历史时期：（1）travesti时期（1970 年代中期至 1990 年代初），其特点是强烈的社会和制度跨性别恐惧症以及由此产生的自我保健实践；(2)变性人时期（1990 年代中期至 2000 年代），在病态医疗模式下，医疗需求被制度化；(3)跨性别或跨性别时期（2010 年代至今），身份和身体自主权已通过谴责病态化的社会文化棱镜重新获得。在每个阶段，政治、社会和经济因素都会在国家和国际层面进行干预，以引发跨性别运动和主导社会机构之间正在进行的谈判，所有这些都在不断变化的社会价值观范围内。