Human health and the environment are adversely affected by fine particulate matter. By utilizing standard deviation ellipse and trend analyses, we studied the spatial patterns and temporal trends of PM_2.5 over Pakistan from 1998 to 2016. The outcomes of these analyses indicated that PM_2.5 concentrations were considerably amplified in Pakistan, particularly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The areal extent of PM_2.5 concentrations below 15 μg/m³ declined constantly, and the area with PM_2.5 concentrations above 35 μg/m³ increased significantly. The highly affected cities were Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Southern Gujranwala, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalpur, Sukkur, and Larkana. Overall, the northwest–southeast axis experienced more rapid variations in the spatial pattern of PM_2.5 than the northeast–southwest axis; similarly, the east–north axis also experienced faster changes in the spatial distribution of this crucial pollutant than the west–south axis. To support nationwide air pollution control, a two-tier level was recommended for allocated regions in Pakistan depending on their PM_2.5 concentrations. From 1998 to 2016, health risks expanded and increased in Pakistan, particularly in Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Hyderabad; these are Pakistan's most populated cities. The outcomes of this study suggest that human health is continuously affected by PM_2.5 in Pakistan, and that a plan of action to combat air pollution is immediately needed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1243–1254. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦细颗粒物的时空变化及相关健康风险评估

人类健康和环境受到细颗粒物的不利影响。通过使用标准差椭圆和趋势分析，我们研究了1998 年至 2016 年巴基斯坦PM _2.5的空间格局和时间趋势。这些分析的结果表明，巴基斯坦的PM _2.5浓度显着放大，特别是在旁遮普省和信德。PM _2.5浓度低于15 μg/m ³的区域范围不断下降，PM _2.5浓度高于35 μg/m ^{3 的区域}显着增加。受影响最严重的城市是拉​​合尔、费萨拉巴德、木尔坦、南古吉兰瓦拉、德拉加齐汗、巴哈瓦尔布尔、苏库尔和拉尔卡纳。总体而言，西北-东南轴比东北-西南轴经历了更快速的 PM _2.5空间格局变化；同样，东西轴线也比东西南北轴线经历了这种关键污染物空间分布的更快变化。为支持全国空气污染控制，建议根据 PM _{2.5 将}巴基斯坦的分配区域分为两级浓度。从 1998 年到 2016 年，巴基斯坦的健康风险扩大和增加，特别是在拉合尔、卡拉奇、木尔坦、古吉兰瓦拉、费萨拉巴德和海得拉巴；这些是巴基斯坦人口最多的城市。这项研究的结果表明，巴基斯坦PM _2.5持续影响人类健康，因此迫切需要制定一项应对空气污染的行动计划。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021；17:1243–1254。© 2021 SETAC