The influence of action-effect integration on motor control and sensory processing is often investigated in arrangements featuring human-machine interactions. Such experiments focus on predictable sensory events produced through participants' interactions with simple response devices. Action-effect integration may, however, also occur when we interact with human partners. The current study examined the similarities and differences in perceptual and motor control processes related to generating sounds with or without the involvement of a human partner. We manipulated the complexity of the causal chain of events between the initial motor and the final sensory event. In the self-induced condition participants generated sounds directly by pressing a button, while in the interactive condition sounds resulted from a paired reaction-time task, that is, the final sound was generated indirectly, by relying on the contribution of the partner.

Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and force application patterns were similar in the two conditions, suggesting that social action effects produced with the involvement of a second human agent in the causal sequence are processed, and utilized as action feedback in the same way as direct consequences of one's actions. The only reflection of a processing difference between the two conditions was a slow, posterior ERP waveform that started before the presentation of the auditory stimulus, which may reflect differences in stimulus expectancy or task difficulty.

动作效果整合对电机控制和感觉处理的影响经常在以人机交互为特征的布置中进行研究。这样的实验集中于通过参与者与简单响应设备的交互产生的可预测的感觉事件。但是，当我们与人类伙伴互动时，动作效果整合也可能发生。当前的研究检查了在有或没有人类伴侣参与的情况下，与产生声音有关的知觉和运动控制过程的异同。我们操纵了初始运动与最终感觉事件之间因果关系事件的复杂性。在自我诱导状态下，参与者在交互状态下直接通过按下按钮来生成声音 声音是由配对的反应时间任务产生的，也就是说，最终声音是通过依赖伙伴的贡献间接生成的。

在两种情况下，听觉事件相关电位（ERP）和施力模式相似，这表明在因果序列中第二人为因素的参与下产生的社会行为效应得到了处理，并以与行为反馈相同的方式用作行为反馈。行为的直接后果。两种情况之间的处理差异的唯一反映是缓慢的后方ERP波形，该波形是在听觉刺激出现之前开始的，这可能反映了刺激预期或任务难度方面的差异。