We quantify and estimate the economic impact of the transboundary haze pollution in 2015 on Singapore following reliable quantitative methods and techniques in cost-benefit analysis. We include in the estimation both tangible and intangible costs associated to haze pollution. Specifically, in the estimation of the tangible costs of haze, the estimation includes (1) adverse impacts of haze on health, (2) loss in tourism, (3) loss in business as an indirect effect from loss of tourist receipts, (4) productivity loss due to restricted activity days and (5) cost of mitigation and adaptation by government agencies and households. For the estimation of the intangible costs, the value is derived from the contingent valuation study of Quah, Chia, and Tsiat-Siong (2018) which was conducted in 2018 to estimate Singapore residents’ willingness to pay for a pro-environment collaboration project that could effectively stop “slash and burn” practices and significantly reduce the annual haze pollution issue. The total cost of the 2015 haze episode on Singapore which lasted for 2 months is estimated at S$1.83 billion, amounting to 0.45 % of the country’s gross domestic product. Accordingly, the total tangible cost is estimated at S$1.46 billion equivalent to 0.36 % of GDP while the total intangible cost stands at S$0.36 billion equivalent to 0.09 % of GDP. The findings have important implications for public policy.

我们采用可靠的成本效益分析定量方法和技术，对2015年跨境雾霾污染对新加坡的经济影响进行量化和估算。我们将与雾霾污染相关的有形和无形成本都包括在估算中。具体而言，在雾霾的有形成本估算中，估算包括（1）雾霾对健康的不利影响，（2）旅游损失，（3）作为旅游收入损失的间接影响的业务损失，（4 ）由于活动天数受限而造成的生产力损失，以及（5）政府机构和家庭的缓解和适应成本。对于无形成本的估算，其价值来自Quah，Chia，Tsiat-Siong（2018）于2018年进行，以评估新加坡居民愿意为一项有利于环境的合作项目付费的意愿，该项目可以有效地阻止“刀耕火种”的做法，并显着减少年度烟霾污染问题。2015年持续2个月的新加坡霾事件的总成本估计为18.3亿新元，占该国国内生产总值（GDP）的0.45％。因此，有形总成本估计为14.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.36％，而无形总成本为3.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.09％。这些发现对公共政策具有重要意义。2015年持续2个月的新加坡霾事件的总成本估计为18.3亿新元，占该国国内生产总值（GDP）的0.45％。因此，有形总成本估计为14.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.36％，而无形总成本为3.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.09％。这些发现对公共政策具有重要意义。2015年持续2个月的新加坡霾事件的总成本估计为18.3亿新元，占该国国内生产总值（GDP）的0.45％。因此，有形总成本估计为14.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.36％，而无形总成本为3.6亿新元，相当于GDP的0.09％。这些发现对公共政策具有重要意义。