1. Global climate change affects the frequency of extreme weather events that can influence plant–insect interactions.
2. We evaluated how the late-spring frost and severe drought that occurred in Spain in 2017 affected interactions between the invasive gall insect, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, and the native tree, Castanea sativa. We assessed effects on insect survival, fertility, population growth, and effects through changes in tree palatability and in other pests and pathogens.
3. Late-spring frost reduced D. kuriphilus to 25–40% of previous abundance. Wasp populations recovered rapidly (>7-fold in 3 years), consistent with density-dependence in population dynamics.
4. Larvae affected by freeze or drought were smaller. Female fecundity was affected by the freeze 1 year later.
5. Late-spring frosts and severe drought affected leaf size and physiology. Water content was higher within galls, but nitrogen was higher within galls in non-freeze plots after weather conditions improved.
6. Freezing also influenced the secondary chemistry of leaves. Phenol concentrations were lower, and terpenes higher, in frozen plots, while condensed tannins remained the same. Condensed tannins were reduced to half in the drought year.
7. Freezing had limited effects on damage from other pests and pathogens.
8. Our work expands understanding of how climate and weather affects forest pests.

中文翻译：

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极端气候事件影响亚洲栗瘿蜂（Dryocosmus kuriphilus）的种群，但并未阻止传播

1. 全球气候变化会影响极端天气事件的频率，这些事件会影响植物与昆虫之间的相互作用。
2. 我们评估了 2017 年在西班牙发生的晚春霜冻和严重干旱如何影响侵入性瘿虫Dryocosmus kuriphilus和本地树Castanea sativa之间的相互作用。我们通过树木适口性和其他害虫和病原体的变化评估了对昆虫存活、生育力、种群增长和影响的影响。
3. 晚春霜冻将D. kuriphilus减少到之前丰度的 25-40%。黄蜂种群迅速恢复（3 年超过 7 倍），这与种群动态中的密度依赖性一致。
4. 受冻或干旱影响的幼虫较小。一年后的冻结影响了雌性的繁殖力。
5. 晚春霜冻和严重干旱影响了叶片的大小和生理。在天气条件改善后，瘿子内的含水量较高，但在非冻结地块中，瘿子内的氮含量较高。
6. 冷冻也影响了叶子的二次化学。在冷冻地块中，苯酚浓度较低，萜烯含量较高，而缩合单宁保持不变。在干旱年份，浓缩单宁减少了一半。
7. 冷冻对其他害虫和病原体的损害影响有限。
8. 我们的工作扩展了对气候和天气如何影响森林害虫的理解。