Antifouling paint particles (APPs) originate from vessel maintenance and cleaning activities and their potentially toxic components are found at high concentrations in nearby soils, yet no studies have investigated their toxicity to soil organisms. We investigated the effects of exposure to soils containing APPs on the mortality, biomass, and reproductive performance of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Earthworms were exposed to contaminated soil from a boatyard and non-contaminated soils treated with different concentrations of APPs (0.01, 0.14 and 1.50%, w/w) for 56 days. An ecological risk assessment using a Hazard Quotient (HQ) was also carried out. Exposure to contaminated soils reduced worm survival, biomass, and reproductive performance and these effects were concentration-dependent. The HQ was high in soil samples with APPs in both acute and chronic tests, and copper contributed the most to the HQ. Copper, zinc, and lead had the highest concentrations and exceeded the Brazilian legal limits. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and showed that biomass and number of juveniles parameters was associated with the metals Cu, Sn and Zn, while the mortality parameter had no association with any analyzed metal. These findings highlighted that the synergistic effects of compounds present in the APPs, such as the booster biocides DCOIT, and metal mixtures should not be overlooked. We conclude that soils contaminated with APPs are toxic to earthworms. This reveals that the ecological impact of APPs goes beyond effects on aquatic environments, compromising key organisms of edaphic ecological processes.

防污涂料颗粒（APPs）来自船只的维护和清洁活动，并且在附近土壤中发现了潜在的有毒成分，但尚未对它们对土壤生物的毒性进行研究。我们调查了暴露于含有APP的土壤对worm Eisenia andrei的死亡率，生物量和繁殖性能的影响。were暴露于造船厂的污染土壤和未污染的土壤，用不同浓度的APP（0.01、0.14和1.50％，w / w）处理56天。还使用危害商数（HQ）进行了生态风险评估。暴露于受污染的土壤会降低蠕虫的存活率，生物量和繁殖性能，这些影响是浓度依赖性的。在急性和慢性试验中，带有APP的土壤样品中的HQ都很高，而铜对HQ的影响最大。铜，锌和铅的含量最高，超过了巴西的法定限值。进行了主成分分析（PCA），结果表明生物量和幼体参数数量与金属Cu，Sn和Zn相关，而死亡率参数与任何分析的金属均不相关。这些发现表明，APP中存在的化合物（例如增强型杀菌剂DCOIT和金属混合物）的协同作用不容忽视。我们得出的结论是，被APP污染的土壤对earth有毒。这表明，APP的生态影响超出了对水生环境的影响，损害了生态生态过程的关键生物。