Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently the most extensively studied type of adult stem cells in advanced stages of development in the field of regenerative medicine. The biological properties of MSCs have generated great hope for their therapeutic use in degenerative and autoimmune conditions that, at present, lack effective treatment options. Over the last decades, MSCs have been typically obtained from adult bone marrow, but the extraction process is highly invasive and the quality and numbers of isolated cells is drastically influenced by patient age, medication and associated comorbidities. Therefore, there is currently an open discussion on the convenience of allogeneic over autologous treatments, despite potential disadvantages such as rejection by the host. This shift to the allogeneic setting entails the need for high production of MSCs to ensure availability of sufficient cell numbers for transplantation, and therefore making the search for alternative tissue sources of highly proliferative MSC cultures with low levels of senescence occurrence, which is one of the greatest current challenges in the scale up of therapeutic cell bioprocessing. Herein we (i) present the main isolation protocols of MSCs from bone marrow, adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord; and (ii) compare their qualities from a bioprocess standpoint, addressing both quality and regulatory aspects, in view of their anticipated clinical use.

多能间充质基质细胞（MSCs）是目前再生医学领域研究最广泛的成体干细胞类型，处于发展的晚期。间充质干细胞的生物学特性为其在退行性和自身免疫性疾病中的治疗应用带来了巨大希望，而这些疾病目前缺乏有效的治疗选择。在过去的几十年中，MSCs 通常是从成人骨髓中获得的，但提取过程是高度侵入性的，并且分离细胞的质量和数量受到患者年龄、药物和相关合并症的极大影响。因此，尽管存在宿主排斥等潜在缺点，但目前对同种异体治疗优于自体治疗的便利性进行了公开讨论。这种向同种异体环境的转变需要高产量的 MSC，以确保有足够的细胞数量用于移植，因此需要寻找具有低水平衰老的高增殖 MSC 培养物的替代组织来源，这是其中之一目前在扩大治疗性细胞生物工艺方面面临的最大挑战。在此，我们 (i) 介绍了从骨髓、脂肪组织和脐带沃顿氏胶中分离 MSCs 的主要方案；(ii) 鉴于其预期的临床用途，从生物工艺的角度比较它们的质量，解决质量和监管方面的问题。因此，寻找具有低水平衰老发生的高度增殖性 MSC 培养物的替代组织来源，这是目前扩大治疗性细胞生物加工的最大挑战之一。在此，我们 (i) 介绍了从骨髓、脂肪组织和脐带沃顿氏胶中分离 MSCs 的主要方案；(ii) 鉴于其预期的临床用途，从生物工艺的角度比较它们的质量，解决质量和监管方面的问题。因此，寻找具有低水平衰老发生的高度增殖性 MSC 培养物的替代组织来源，这是目前扩大治疗性细胞生物加工的最大挑战之一。在此，我们 (i) 介绍了从骨髓、脂肪组织和脐带沃顿氏胶中分离 MSCs 的主要方案；(ii) 鉴于其预期的临床用途，从生物工艺的角度比较它们的质量，解决质量和监管方面的问题。