Mountainous areas and their endemic plant diversity are threatened by global climate change and invasive species. Mountain plant invasions have historically been minimal, however, climate change and increased anthropogenic activity (e.g. roads and vehicles) are amplifying invasion pressure. We assessed plant performance (stem density and fruit production) of the invasive non-native forb Linaria dalmatica along three mountain roads, over an eight-year period (2008–2015) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), USA. We evaluated how L. dalmatica performed in response to elevation, changed over time, responded to climate and how the climate of our sites has changed, and compared elevation, climate, micro-topography (slope aspect and angle), and fruit production among sites with differing temporal trends. Linaria dalmatica stem density and fruit production increased with elevation and demonstrated two temporal groups, those populations where stem densities shrank and those that remained stable or grew over time. Stem density demonstrated a hump-shaped response to summer mean temperature, while fruit production decreased with summer mean maximum temperature and showed a hump-shaped response to winter precipitation. Analysis of both short and long-term climate data from our sites, demonstrated that summer temperatures have been increasing and winters getting wetter. The shrinking population group had a lower mean elevation, hotter summer temperatures, drier winters, had plots that differed in slope aspect and angle from the stable/growing group, and produced less fruit. Regional climate projections predict that the observed climate trends will continue, which will likely benefit L. dalmatica populations at higher elevations. We conclude that L. dalmatica may persist at lower elevations where it poses little invasive threat, and its invasion into the mountains will continue along roadways, expanding into higher elevations of the GYE.

中文翻译：

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气候变化和微观地形正在促进非本地多年生植物入侵山地

山区及其特有植物的多样性受到全球气候变化和入侵物种的威胁。从历史上看，高山植物的入侵极少，但是，气候变化和人为活动的增加（例如道路和车辆）加剧了入侵压力。在美国大黄石生态系统（GYE）中，我们评估了八年期间（2008-2015）沿三条山路的侵入性非原生Foral Lindal dalmatica的植物性能（茎密度和果实产量）。我们评估了L. dalmatica如何响应海拔，随时间变化，响应气候以及我们站点的气候如何变化，并比较了海拔，气候，微观地形（坡度和角度）以及站点之间的水果产量具有不同的时间趋势。大叶利纳里亚（Linaria dalmatica）的茎密度和果实产量随海拔升高而增加，并表现出两个时间上的群体，即茎密度缩小的种群以及随时间推移保持稳定或增长的种群。茎密度表现出对夏季平均温度的驼峰形响应，而水果产量随夏季平均最高温度的降低而下降，并表现出对冬季降水的驼峰形响应。对我们站点的短期和长期气候数据进行的分析表明，夏天的温度一直在升高，而冬天又越来越湿。人口减少的群体平均海拔较低，夏季温度较高，冬天较干燥，坡度和角度与稳定/生长群体不同的地块，且果实较少。区域气候预测预测，观测到的气候趋势将继续下去，这可能使海拔更高的达美乳杆菌种群受益。我们得出的结论是，dalmatica可能在较低的海拔高度持续存在，而对入侵的威胁很小，并且它对山的入侵将继续沿道路行进，并扩展到GYE的较高海拔。