Global warming affects various environmental factors, including temperature, precipitation, drought, and flooding. Temperature rise is mainly due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which was increased by approximately 50% since the industrialization period. Here, we review the effect of global climate changes on the alteration of flowering time. High temperature during vernalization delays flowering mainly due to increased expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and TaVERNALIZATION 2 encoding floral repressors in Arabidopsis and winter wheat, respectively. Increased ambient temperature promotes flowering in many plant species, especially in spring-flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, higher temperature induces SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE–FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM)-δ complex that promotes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression. Moreover, high temperatures suppress a floral repressor FLM and disturb the stability of the evening complex that is an inhibitor of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4, which induces FT expression. Drought induces or delays flowering depending on plant species, growing season, and developmental stage. In Arabidopsis, drought induces flowering by promoting the GIGANTEA-CONSTANS (CO) pathway, whereas the stress delays flowering under short-day conditions via ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 1. Plants also alter flowering time to avoid wet conditions, including flooding and precipitation. Increased CO₂ concentration accelerates flowering, probably by increasing the rate of photosynthesis. We also reviewed the effect of climate change on pollination.

全球变暖影响各种环境因素，包括温度，降水，干旱和洪水。温度升高主要是由于二氧化碳（CO ₂）含量增加，自工业化时期以来，二氧化碳含量增加了约50％。在这里，我们回顾了全球气候变化对开花时间变化的影响。春化期间的高温延迟开花，这主要是由于分别在拟南芥和冬小麦中，FLOWERING LOCUS C和TaVERNALIZATION 2编码花卉阻遏物的表达增加。升高的环境温度促进了许多植物的开花，尤其是在春季开花的植物中。在拟南芥中，较高的温度会诱导植物营养阶段短的LOCUS M（FLM）-δ复合物，从而促进FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT）的表达。此外，高温抑制了花卉阻遏物FLM并扰乱了晚上复合物的稳定性，该复合物是抑制PHYTOCHROME相互作用因子4的因子，可诱导FT表达。干旱会根据植物种类，生长季节和发育阶段诱导或延迟开花。在拟南芥中，干旱通过促进GIGANTEA - CONSTANS（CO）途径，而胁迫通过ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 1在短日条件下延迟开花。植物还改变开花时间以避免潮湿条件（包括洪水和降水）。增加的CO ₂浓度可能通过增加光合作用的速率来加速开花。我们还回顾了气候变化对授粉的影响。