Framing effects occur when people respond differently to the same information, just because it is conveyed in different words. For example, in the classic ‘Disease Problem’ introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, people’s choices between alternative interventions depend on whether these are described positively, in terms of the number of people who will be saved, or negatively in terms of the corresponding number who will die. In this paper, I discuss an account of framing effects based on ‘fuzzy-trace theory’. The central claim of this account is that people represent the numbers in framing problems in a ‘gist-like’ way, as ‘some’; and that this creates a categorical contrast between ‘some’ people being saved (or dying) and ‘no’ people being saved (or dying). I argue that fuzzy-trace theory’s gist-like representation, ‘some’, must have the semantics of ‘some and possibly all’, not ‘some but not all’. I show how this commits fuzzy-trace theory to a modest version of a rival ‘lower bounding hypothesis’, according to which lower-bounded interpretations of quantities contribute to framing effects by rendering the alternative descriptions extensionally inequivalent. As a result, fuzzy-trace theory is incoherent as it stands. Making sense of it requires dropping, or refining, the claim that decision-makers perceive alternatively framed options as extensionally equivalent; and the related claim that framing effects are irrational. I end by suggesting that, whereas the modest lower bounding hypothesis is well supported, there is currently less evidence for the core element of the fuzzy trace account.

当人们对同一信息的反应不同时，就会发生构图效应，只是因为它以不同的语言传达。例如，在阿莫斯·特维尔斯基（Amos Tversky）和丹尼尔·卡尼曼（Daniel Kahneman）提出的经典“疾病问题”中，人们在替代干预措施之间的选择取决于对这些措施的正面描述，对要挽救的人数的描述或对负面描述的否定。谁会死的人数。在本文中，我将讨论基于“模糊跟踪理论”的框架效应。这个说法的中心主张是，人们以“像样”的方式将框架问题中的数字表示为“一些”。这在“一些”被拯救（或垂死）的人与“没有”被拯救（或垂死）的人之间形成了鲜明的对比。我认为模糊痕迹理论的要点是“一些”，。我将说明模糊跟踪理论是如何将适度版本的竞争对手“下界假设”付诸实践的，根据该假设，数量的下界解释通过使替代性描述在扩展上不等价，从而对取景产生了影响。结果，模糊轨迹理论就其本身而言是不连贯的。要理解这一点，就必须放弃或完善决策者认为替代性构架的选择在扩展上是等同的主张；以及相关的说法，即成帧效果是不合理的。最后，我建议，尽管适度的较低边界假设得到了很好的支持，但目前对于模糊跟踪账户的核心要素的证据较少。