Electric Vehicles (EVs) can help alleviate our reliance on fossil fuels for transport and electricity systems. However, charging millions of EV batteries requires management to prevent overloading the electricity grid and minimise costly upgrades that are ultimately paid for by consumers. Managed chargers, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) chargers, allow control over the time, speed and direction of charging. Such control assists in balancing electricity supply and demand across a green electricity system and could reduce costs for consumers. Smart and V2G chargers connect EVs to the power grid using a charging device which includes a data connection to exchange information and control commands between various entities in the EV ecosystem. This introduces data privacy concerns and is a potential target for cyber-security attacks. Therefore, the implementation of a secure system is crucial to permit both consumers and electricity system operators to trust smart charging and V2G. In principle, we already have the technology needed for a connected EV charging infrastructure to be securely enabled, borrowing best practices from the Internet and industrial control systems. We must properly adapt the security technology to take into account the challenges peculiar to the EV charging infrastructure. Challenges go beyond technical considerations and other issues arise such as balancing trade-offs between security and other desirable qualities such as interoperability, scalability, crypto-agility, affordability and energy efficiency. This document reviews security and privacy topics relevant to the EV charging ecosystem with a focus on smart charging and V2G.

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保护电动汽车充电基础设施

电动汽车（EV）可以帮助减轻我们对运输和电力系统对化石燃料的依赖。但是，为数百万个EV电池充电需要进行管理，以防止电网过载并最大程度地减少最终由消费者付费的昂贵升级。受管理的充电器，例如车载充电器（V2G），可以控制充电的时间，速度和方向。这种控制有助于平衡绿色电力系统中的电力供需，并可以降低消费者的成本。智能充电器和V2G充电器使用充电设备将电动汽车连接到电网，该充电设备包括数据连接，以在电动汽车生态系统中的各个实体之间交换信息和控制命令。这带来了数据隐私问题，并且是网络安全攻击的潜在目标。所以，安全系统的实施对于使消费者和电力系统运营商都能信任智能充电和V2G至关重要。原则上，我们已经借鉴了互联网和工业控制系统的最佳实践，拥有了能够安全启用互联电动汽车充电基础设施所需的技术。我们必须适当地调整安全技术，以考虑到电动汽车充电基础设施特有的挑战。挑战超越了技术考虑，并且出现了其他问题，例如在安全性与其他所需质量（例如互操作性，可伸缩性，加密敏捷性，可负担性和能效）之间取得平衡。本文档回顾了与EV充电生态系统相关的安全和隐私主题，重点是智能充电和V2G。