This study was conducted to assess the migration of trace metals (TMs), their sources and potential human health risks in the Lower Volta River Basin (LVRB) of Ghana using preference technique, geometrical analysis, hydrochemistry, TMs evaluation index, correlation matrix and USEPA risk assessment model. Results of enrichment evaluation and geometrical analysis revealed that Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni are the dominant TMs within the unsaturated zone. Moderate vertical migration trends of Pb and Ni in agreement with hydraulic conductivity and Cl⁻ were also displayed. The distribution of the TMs on Ficklin diagram suggests that their dissolution is less depended on the groundwater acidic environments. The mean dominance of the TMs in the groundwater follows the order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Zn. Results of TM evaluation index showed that 37%, 57% and 6% of the groundwater are of low, medium and high pollution categories. The hydrochemistry, correlation, biplots and three-dimensional plot jointly revealed that Pb, Ni and Mn occurred in the groundwater as migrating constituents of effluents and agricultural inflows. Also, hydrogeochemical conditions favour vertical migration of Fe. Results of non-carcinogenic risk quotients showed that 6%, 9%, 43% and 100 of the groundwater were above unity for Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. Hazard index values were > 1 for all human categories. Pb and Ni showed high potential non-carcinogenic risk. Also, Ni showed greater cancer risk for all age groups. The study is key to preventing groundwater quality depletion in the basin.

这项研究使用偏爱技术，几何分析，水化学，TMs评估指数，相关矩阵和USEPA进行了评估，以评估加纳下伏河流域（LVRB）中的痕量金属（TMs）的迁移，其来源和潜在的人类健康风险。风险评估模型。富集评价和几何分析结果表明，Fe，Mn，Pb和Ni是不饱和区内的主要TMs。中度铅和镍的垂直迁移的趋势与水力传导系数和Cl协议^-也被显示。TM在Ficklin图上的分布表明它们的溶解较少依赖于地下水的酸性环境。地下水中TM的平均优势度依次为Fe> Mn> Ni> Cu> Pb> Zn。TM评估指数的结果表明，分别有37％，57％和6％的地下水属于低，中和高污染类别。水化学，相关性，双标线和三维图共同显示，地下水中存在铅，镍和锰，它们是污水和农业流入物的迁移成分。而且，水文地球化学条件有利于铁的垂直迁移。非致癌风险商的结果显示，Fe，Mn，Ni和Pb的地下水中分别有6％，9％，43％和100高于1。所有人类类别的危险指数值均大于1。铅和镍显示出很高的潜在非致癌风险。此外，Ni在所有年龄段的人中都显示出更高的癌症风险。这项研究是防止流域地下水质量枯竭的关键。