The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.

中文翻译：

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生长、成熟和阻力训练对肌肉肌腱和神经肌肉适应的影响：叙述回顾


本文的目的是概述青少年肌肉肌腱和神经肌肉机制的生长、成熟和阻力训练相关的变化，以及随后对表现的影响。短跑、跳跃、踢腿和投掷是体育运动中常见的运动，已被证明会随着年龄的增长而自然发展，而表现的提高归因于神经肌肉机制的生长和成熟相关的变化。这些变化包括肌肉生理横截面积 (CSA)、肌肉体积和厚度、肌腱 CSA 和硬度、肌束长度、肌肉激活、预激活、牵张反射控制的中度到非常大的增加，同时伴随着机电的大幅减少。延迟和共同收缩。此外，有限数量的检查 4 至 20 周抗阻训练后神经肌肉变化的训练研究报告称，肌腱硬度、肌肉 CSA、肌肉厚度和运动单位激活存在轻微至中度差异，同时伴随着训练前机电延迟 (EMD) 的减少。 -青春期儿童。然而，成熟度和训练相关的神经肌肉适应之间的相互作用仍不清楚。了解不同的神经肌肉机制如何适应生长、成熟和训练对于优化青少年的训练反应能力非常重要。此外，这些肌肉肌腱和神经肌肉变化对支撑表现的力量产生能力的影响尚不清楚。