A large body of research has emerged over the last decade examining empirical models of general and specific psychopathology, which take into account comorbidity among psychiatric disorders and enable investigation of risk and protective factors that are common across disorders. This systematic review presents findings from studies of empirical models of psychopathology and transdiagnostic risk and protective factors for psychopathology among young people (10–24 years). PsycInfo, Medline and EMBASE were searched from inception to November 2020, and 41 studies were identified that examined at least one risk or protective factor in relation to broad, empirically derived, psychopathology outcomes. Results revealed several biological (executive functioning deficits, earlier pubertal timing, genetic risk for ADHD and schizophrenia, reduced gray matter volume), socio-environmental (stressful life events, maternal depression) and psychological (low effortful control, high neuroticism, negative affectivity) transdiagnostic risk factors for broad psychopathology outcomes, including general psychopathology, internalising and externalising. Methodological complexities are discussed and recommendations for future studies of empirical models of psychopathology are presented. These results contribute to a growing body of support for transdiagnostic approaches to prevention and intervention for psychiatric disorders and highlight several promising avenues for future research.

在过去十年中出现了大量研究一般和特定精神病理学的经验模型，这些模型考虑了精神疾病的共病，并能够调查各种疾病中常见的风险和保护因素。这篇系统综述介绍了关于精神病理学实证模型的研究结果，以及年轻人（10-24 岁）精神病理学的跨诊断风险和保护因素。从一开始到 2020 年 11 月，对 PsycInfo、Medline 和 EMBASE 进行了搜索，并确定了 41 项研究，这些研究检查了至少一种与广泛的、凭经验得出的精神病理学结果相关的风险或保护因素。结果揭示了几种生物学（执行功能缺陷、青春期提前、多动症和精神分裂症的遗传风险、减少的灰质体积）、社会环境（压力性生活事件、母亲抑郁）和心理（低努力控制、高度神经质、负面情感）是广泛精神病理学结果的跨诊断风险因素，包括一般精神病理学、内化和外化。讨论了方法论的复杂性，并提出了对未来精神病理学经验模型研究的建议。这些结果有助于为预防和干预精神疾病的跨诊断方法提供越来越多的支持，并突出了未来研究的几个有希望的途径。负面情感）广泛的精神病理学结果的跨诊断风险因素，包括一般精神病理学、内化和外化。讨论了方法论的复杂性，并提出了对未来精神病理学经验模型研究的建议。这些结果有助于为预防和干预精神疾病的跨诊断方法提供越来越多的支持，并突出了未来研究的几个有希望的途径。负面情感）广泛的精神病理学结果的跨诊断风险因素，包括一般精神病理学、内化和外化。讨论了方法论的复杂性，并提出了对未来精神病理学经验模型研究的建议。这些结果有助于为预防和干预精神疾病的跨诊断方法提供越来越多的支持，并突出了未来研究的几个有希望的途径。