Water inflow caused by tunneling can have severe impacts on the springs’ discharge rate. If these impacts have not been predicted beforehand, technical, economic, and environmental challenges could occur. While there are a few methods for evaluating the risk of water drawdown, their shortcomings create the need to develop a new one. First, in this research, five main tunneling projects in Iran were studied for evaluating the influence of tunneling on spring’s discharge, and a comprehensive database that contains information on 111 springs located in the vicinity of these tunneling projects was developed. Then, by learning from previously developed methods’ shortcomings and using an appropriate decision analysis method (Analytic Hierarchy Process or AHP), a new model was proposed for evaluating the risk of discharge reduction in springs located in the vicinity of tunneling projects. This new model, named TIS (Tunneling Impacts on Springs), was developed based on four important parameters of a) volume of water inflow toward the tunnel, b) distance between spring and tunnel, c) hydraulic connectivity, and d) aquifer recharge potential. In the next step, using data recorded in the database, TIS values were calculated for each spring, and using suitable statistical methods, the obtained TIS values were classified based on the actual behavior of springs. For using this model in practice, all springs must be checked using a screening process. In this process, according to some limitation criteria (including distance from the tunnel, groundwater condition in tunnel, spring origin), unimportant springs are excluded from the list and only springs with possible influence from tunneling are considered for further assessments. This helps to investigate the in-risk springs more effectively.

隧道造成的水流入会严重影响弹簧的排放速度。如果没有事先预测这些影响，则可能会发生技术，经济和环境挑战。虽然有几种方法可以评估水位下降的风险，但是它们的缺点导致需要开发一种新的方法。首先，在这项研究中，对伊朗的五个主要隧道项目进行了研究，以评估隧道对泉水排放的影响，并开发了一个综合数据库，其中包含位于这些隧道项目附近的111处弹簧的信息。然后，通过学习以前开发的方法的缺点并使用适当的决策分析方法（层次分析法或AHP），提出了一种新的模型来评估位于隧道工程附近的弹簧中的减少排放的风险。此新模型​​名为TIS（隧道对弹簧的影响），是基于以下四个重要参数开发的：a）流入隧道的水量，b）弹簧与隧道之间的距离，c）液压连通性，以及d）含水层补给潜力。下一步，使用数据库中记录的数据，为每个弹簧计算TIS值，并使用适当的统计方法，根据弹簧的实际行为对获得的TIS值进行分类。为了在实践中使用该模型，必须使用屏蔽过程检查所有弹簧。在此过程中，根据一些限制条件（包括与隧道的距离，隧道中的地下水条件，泉源），不重要的弹簧从列表中排除，仅考虑可能受隧道影响的弹簧以作进一步评估。这有助于更有效地调查有风险的弹簧。