Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of decondensed chromatin loaded with antimicrobial peptides and enzymes produced against microorganisms or biochemical stimuli. Since their discovery, numerous studies made separately have revealed multiple triggers that induce similar NET morphologies allowing to classify them as lytic or non-lytic. However, the variability in NET composition depending on the inducer agent and the local milieu under similar conditions has been scarcely studied. In this work, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate structural and enzymatic divergences in NET composition induced by biochemical (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] and hypochlorous acid [HOCl]) and microbiologic (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) stimuli, along with the presence of plasma from healthy donors or patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The results showed a differential composition of DNA and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL37) and a variable enzymatic activity (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase) induced by the different stimuli despite showing morphologically similar NETs. Additionally, SLE plasma´s presence increased DNA and LL37 release during NET induction independently of the trigger stimulus but with no enzymatic activity differences. This work provides new evidence about NET composition variability depending on the inducer stimulus and the local milieu.

中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NETs) 是由去浓缩的染色质组成的网络，其中载有针对微生物或生化刺激产生的抗菌肽和酶。自发现以来，许多单独进行的研究揭示了多种触发因素，这些触发因素诱导相似的 NET 形态，允许将它们分类为裂解或非裂解。然而，在类似条件下，NET 组成的变异性取决于诱导剂和当地环境的研究很少。在这项工作中，进行了一项比较研究，以评估由生化（醋酸佛波醇肉豆蔻酸酯 [PMA] 和次氯酸 [HOCl]）和微生物（白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌) 刺激，以及来自健康供体或系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 患者的血浆。结果显示，尽管表现出形态相似的 NET，但由不同刺激诱导的 DNA 和抗菌肽导管素 (LL37) 的组成不同以及酶活性可变（中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶 G、髓过氧化物酶）。此外，SLE 血浆的存在增加了 NET 诱导期间的 DNA 和 LL37 释放，与触发刺激无关，但没有酶活性差异。这项工作提供了关于 NET 成分变异性的新证据，这取决于诱导剂刺激和当地环境。