In the era of low-carbon energy transitions, both climate and energy justice studies have raised concerns about the deterioration of energy poverty triggered by carbon mitigation policies. Nevertheless, no in-depth analysis has thus far examined the relationship between people suffering energy poverty and their carbon dioxide emissions. This study addresses the issue by presenting a novel approach to measuring people's basic carbon needs (BCN), which are defined as the amount of carbon emissions needed to achieve (socially and materially) adequate levels of domestic energy services. The results, using Japan as a case study, reveal the differences in people's BCN based on climatic, socio-demographic, and dwelling factors, showing that people in energy poverty need greater carbon emissions to fulfil their basic energy needs than the affluent population. In upcoming low-carbon energy transitions, people's BCN must be reduced while satisfying their basic energy needs. However, this study shows that the carbon intensity of domestic energy services for energy poverty households is high, leading carbon mitigation policies such as carbon pricing to adversely affect them without suitable countermeasures. Hence, ensuring access to low-carbon energy for all, including the energy poor, is essential to engender an inclusive low-carbon energy transition.

在低碳能源转型的时代，气候和能源正义研究都引起了人们对由减碳政策引发的能源贫困恶化的担忧。然而，迄今为止，还没有深入的分析来研究遭受能源贫困的人们与他们的二氧化碳排放之间的关系。这项研究通过提出一种测量人们的基本碳需求（BCN）的新颖方法来解决该问题，BCN定义为实现（社会和物质上）适当水平的家庭能源服务所需的碳排放量。结果以日本为例，根据气候，社会人口和居住因素揭示了人们的BCN差异，表明与富裕的人口相比，处于能源贫困中的人们需要更多的碳排放来满足其基本能源需求。在即将到来的低碳能源转型中，必须减少人们的BCN，同时满足其基本能源需求。但是，这项研究表明，针对能源贫困家庭的家庭能源服务的碳强度很高，导致碳减排等减碳政策会对碳价格产生不利影响，而没有采取适当的对策。因此，确保所有人（包括能源匮乏者）都能获得低碳能源，对于实现包容性的低碳能源转型至关重要。这项研究表明，为能源贫困家庭提供的家庭能源服务的碳强度很高，导致碳减排等减碳政策会对碳价格产生不利影响，而没有采取适当的对策。因此，确保所有人（包括能源匮乏者）都能获得低碳能源，对于实现包容性的低碳能源转型至关重要。这项研究表明，针对能源贫困家庭的家庭能源服务的碳强度很高，导致诸如碳价格之类的碳减排政策在没有适当对策的情况下会对他们产生不利影响。因此，确保所有人（包括能源匮乏者）都能获得低碳能源，对于实现包容性的低碳能源转型至关重要。