Exploitation of genetic variation for TGW and related traits is a promising approach to improve wheat yield in wheat breeding programs. The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of 34 winter wheat cultivars with functional markers for the assessment of candidate genes known to enhance thousand grain weight and/or thousand grain weight components. We analyzed the effects of 25 genes related to water-soluble carbohydrates, starch, cell division and grain size regulation, abiotic stress, chlorophyll, and adaptability on grain size and weight. Ten genes were found to be associated with grain size and/or thousand grain weight: Six genes were associated with grain length (TaSST-D1, TaFlo2-A1, Ppd-D1, 6-SFT-A2, TaTEF-7A, and Tackx4), five with grain width (TaSnRK2.3-1B, Ppd-D1, TaSST-D1, 1-FEH w3, and TaGS-D1), three with factor form-density (TaGS1a, TaPPH-7A, and Ppd-D1), and three with TGW (TaSST-D1, TaFlo2-A1, and Tackx4). Also, a possible new haplotype at 6-SFT-A2 and TaSST-D1 loci was identified during the study. These results confirmed many previous studies mostly performed on spring wheat, but also contradicted some others and identified new possible associations, providing proof that the genetic background of wheat cultivars and interactions with the growing environment affect the expression of genes and/or QTL’s that can influence grain size and weight. Our results demonstrated that accumulation of favorable/superior alleles has a significant positive effect on the studied traits, as genotypes with an allelic profile comprised of all favorable alleles for each trait were superior compared to genotypes with different allelic profiles.

利用TGW和相关性状的遗传变异是在小麦育种计划中提高小麦产量的有前途的方法。这项研究的目的是对34个具有功能标记的冬小麦品种进行分子表征，以评估已知可增加千粒重和/或千粒重成分的候选基因。我们分析了与水溶性碳水化合物，淀粉，细胞分裂和颗粒大小调节，非生物胁迫，叶绿素以及对颗粒大小和重量的适应性有关的25个基因的影响。发现10种基因为与晶粒尺寸和/或千粒重相关联：六基因与晶粒长度（相关TaSST-D1，TaFlo2-A1，PPD-D1，6-SFT-A2，TATEF-7A，和Tackx4），五个与谷物宽度（TaSnRK2.3-1B，PPD-D1，TaSST-D1，1- FEH W3，和标签-D1），三个与因子形式密度（TaGS1a，TaPPH-7A和Ppd-D1），以及三个带有TGW（TaSST-D1，TaFlo2-A1和Tackx4）。另外，在6-SFT-A2和TaSST-D1处可能有新的单倍型在研究过程中确定了基因座。这些结果证实了以前的许多研究都主要针对春小麦，但也与其他一些研究相矛盾，并确定了新的可能关联，从而证明了小麦品种的遗传背景以及与生长环境的相互作用会影响可影响基因表达和/或QTL的表达。晶粒大小和重量。我们的结果表明，有利/优势等位基因的积累对所研究的性状具有显着的积极影响，因为具有等位基因特征的基因型包括针对每个性状的所有有利等位基因，优于具有不同等位基因特征的基因型。