Trust is a key ingredient in decision making, as it allows us to rely on the information we receive. Although trust is usually viewed as a positive element of decision making, we suggest that its effects on memory are costly rather than beneficial. Across nine studies using three different manipulations of trust and distrust and three different memory paradigms, we find that trust reduces memory performance as compared with distrust. In Study 1, trust leads to higher acceptance rates of misinformation. Studies 2a and 2b demonstrate that participants in a distrust and a control condition perform better at a memory-recognition task than participants in a trust condition. Studies 3a and 3b show that trust also reduces free recall of memory content. Examining the underlying mechanism, we find that reduced memory performance in a state of trust is caused by an increased perception of similarities between items that are to be memorized. Following a causal chain design, Study 4 shows that trust increases the sensitivity to similarities as compared with distrust and a control condition, and Study 5 shows that a processing focus on similarities reduces memory accuracy. Studies 6 and 7 create circumstances that either leave the proposed mediator free to vary or interrupt it via the induction of a similarity-focus (Study 6) or a difference-focus (Study 7). The disadvantage of trust is only present if the mediating processing focus can freely operate. Overall, these studies show that trust impairs memory performance due to an increased perception of similarities between memory content. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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信任和不信任如何塑造感知和记忆。

信任是决策的关键因素，因为它使我们能够依赖收到的信息。虽然信任通常被视为决策的积极因素，但我们认为它对记忆的影响是代价高昂的，而不是有益的。在使用三种不同的信任和不信任操作以及三种不同的记忆范式的九项研究中，我们发现与不信任相比，信任会降低记忆性能。在研究 1 中，信任导致更高的错误信息接受率。研究 2a 和 2b 表明，不信任和控制条件下的参与者比信任条件下的参与者在记忆识别任务中表现更好。研究 3a 和 3b 表明，信任也会减少对记忆内容的自由回忆。检查底层机制，我们发现在信任状态下记忆性能的降低是由于对要记忆的项目之间相似性的感知增加造成的。遵循因果链设计，研究 4 表明，与不信任和控制条件相比，信任增加了对相似性的敏感性，研究 5 表明，对相似性的处理会降低记忆准确性。研究 6 和 7 创造的环境要么让提议的调解人自由改变，要么通过引入相似性焦点（研究 6）或差异焦点（研究 7）来中断它。信任的缺点只有在中介处理焦点可以自由运作时才会出现。总体而言，这些研究表明，由于对记忆内容之间相似性的感知增加，信任会损害记忆表现。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，