Accurate control of gene expression in the right cell at the right moment is of fundamental importance to animal development and homeostasis. At the heart of gene regulation lie the enhancers, a class of gene regulatory elements that ensures precise spatiotemporal activation of gene transcription. Mammalian genomes are littered with enhancers, which are frequently organized in cooperative clusters such as locus control regions and superenhancers. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of enhancer biology, including an overview of the discovery of the various enhancer subsets and the mechanistic models used to explain their gene regulatory function. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 22 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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（超级）增强者的转录调控：从发现到机制。

在正确的时机正确控制正确的细胞中的基因表达对于动物的发育和体内平衡至关重要。基因调控的核心是增强子，增强子是一类基因调控元件，可确保基因转录的精确时空激活。哺乳动物基因组散落着增强子，增强子通常以协作簇的形式组织，例如基因座控制区和超级增强子。在这里，我们讨论了我们目前关于增强子生物学的知识，包括对各种增强子子集的发现以及用于解释其基因调控功能的机制模型的概述。《基因组学和人类遗传学年度评论》第22卷的预期最终在线发布日期为2021年8月。有关修订的估算，请参见http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。