What changes in neural architecture account for the emergence and expansion of dexterity in primates? Dexterity, or skill in performing motor tasks, depends on the ability to generate highly fractionated patterns of muscle activity. It also involves the spatiotemporal coordination of activity in proximal and distal muscles across multiple joints. Many motor skills require the generation of complex movement sequences that are only acquired and refined through extensive practice. Improvements in dexterity have enabled primates to manufacture and use tools and humans to engage in skilled motor behaviors such as typing, dance, musical performance, and sports. Our analysis leads to the following synthesis: The neural substrate that endows primates with their enhanced motor capabilities is due, in part, to (a) major organizational changes in the primary motor cortex and (b) the proliferation of output pathways from other areas of the cerebral cortex, especially from the motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

---

皮质运动区和运动技能的出现：神经解剖学的观点。

神经体系结构的哪些变化解释了灵长类动物灵巧性的出现和扩展？敏捷性或执行运动任务的技能取决于生成高度分段的肌肉活动模式的能力。它还涉及跨多个关节的近端和远端肌肉活动的时空协调。许多运动技能要求生成复杂的运动序列，这些序列只能通过广泛的练习来获得和完善。灵巧性的提高使灵长类动物能够制造和使用工具，并使人类能够从事熟练的运动行为，例如打字，跳舞，演奏和运动。我们的分析得出以下结论：赋予灵长类动物增强运动能力的神经基质，部分原因是，（a）主要运动皮层的主要组织变化，以及（b）来自大脑皮层其他区域，尤其是来自半球内侧壁的运动区域的输出途径的扩散。《神经科学年度评论》（第44卷）的最终最终在线发布日期为2021年7月。有关修订的估算，请参见http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。