Because of their ability to replicate across genomes, transposable elements (TEs) represent major generators of large-effect mutations. As a result, chromatin-based mechanisms have evolved to control the mutational potential of TEs at multiple levels, from the epigenetic silencing of TE sequences, through the modulation of their integration space, up to the alleviation of the impact of new insertions. Although most TE insertions are highly deleterious, some can provide key adaptive variation. Together with their remarkable sensitivity to the environment and precise integration preferences, the unique characteristics of TEs place them as potent genomic engines of adaptive innovation. Herein, we review recent works exploring the regulation and impact of transposition in nature and discuss their implications for the evolutionary response of species to drastic environmental changes.

中文翻译：

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快速启动进化：转座如何促进对快速环境变化的适应。

由于它们能够跨基因组复制，转座元件 (TE) 代表了大效应突变的主要生成器。因此，基于染色质的机制已经演变为在多个层面控制 TE 的突变潜力，从 TE 序列的表观遗传沉默，通过其整合空间的调节，再到减轻新插入的影响。尽管大多数 TE 插入是非常有害的，但有些可以提供关键的适应性变化。连同它们对环境的显着敏感性和精确的整合偏好，TE 的独特特征使它们成为适应性创新的强大基因组引擎。在此处，