Because of their ability to replicate across genomes, transposable elements (TEs) represent a major generators of large-effect mutations. As a result, chromatin-based mechanisms have evolved to control the mutational potential of TEs at multiple levels, from the epigenetic silencing of TE sequences, through the modulation of their integration space, up to the alleviation of the impact of new insertions. Although most TE insertions are highly deleterious, some can provide key adaptive variation. Together with their remarkable sensitivity to the environment and precise integration preferences, the unique characteristics of TEs place them as potent genomic engines of adaptive innovation. Herein, we review recent works exploring the regulation and impact of transposition in nature and discuss their implications for the evolutionary response of species to drastic environmental changes.

中文翻译：

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迅速发展：换位如何促进对快速环境变化的适应。

由于其可跨基因组复制的能力，转座因子（TEs）代表了大效应突变的主要产生者。结果，基于染色质的机制已经发展到可以控制TEs的多个突变水平，从TE序列的表观遗传沉默到其整合空间的调节，直至减轻新插入的影响。尽管大多数TE插入都是有害的，但有些可以提供关键的自适应变化。TE具有卓越的环境敏感性和精确的集成偏好，它们的独特特征使其成为适应性创新的强大基因组引擎。在此处，