The repeated adaptation of oceanic threespine sticklebacks to fresh water has made it a premier organism to study parallel evolution. These small fish have multiple distinct ecotypes that display a wide range of diverse phenotypic traits. Ecotypes are easily crossed in the laboratory, and families are large and develop quickly enough for quantitative trait locus analyses, positioning the threespine stickleback as a versatile model organism to address a wide range of biological questions. Extensive genomic resources, including linkage maps, a high-quality reference genome, and developmental genetics tools have led to insights into the genomic basis of adaptation and the identification of genomic changes controlling traits in vertebrates. Recently, threespine sticklebacks have been used as a model system to identify the genomic basis of highly complex traits, such as behavior and host-microbiome and host-parasite interactions. We review the latest findings and new avenues of research that have led the threespine stickleback to be considered a supermodel of evolutionary genomics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics Volume 22 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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Threespine Stickleback：进化基因组学的模型系统。

海洋三刺棘背fresh对淡水的反复适应使它成为研究平行演化的主要有机体。这些小鱼具有多种不同的生态型，表现出多种多样的表型特征。生态型很容易在实验室中进行鉴定，科大且发展迅速，可以进行定量性状基因座分析，这使三脊刺背式棘背鱼成为了一种通用的模型生物，可以解决各种各样的生物学问题。广泛的基因组资源，包括连锁图，高质量的参考基因组和发育遗传学工具，使人们对适应的基因组基础和控制脊椎动物性状的基因组变化的鉴定有了深入的了解。最近，Threespine棘背back已被用作模型系统，以识别高度复杂性状的基因组基础，例如行为以及宿主-微生物组和宿主-寄生虫的相互作用。我们回顾了导致三棘棘背被认为是进化基因组学的超模型的最新发现和新研究途径。《基因组学和人类遗传学年度评论》第22卷的最终最终预期发布日期是2021年8月。有关修订的估算，请参见http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。