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Occurrence of Lead and Other Toxic Metals Derived from Drinking-Water Systems in Three West African Countries.
Environmental Health Perspectives ( IF 10.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-04-20 , DOI: 10.1289/ehp7804
Michael B Fisher 1 , Amy Z Guo 1 , J Wren Tracy 1, 2 , Sridevi K Prasad 3 , Ryan D Cronk 1, 2 , Emily G Browning 1 , Kaida R Liang 1 , Emma R Kelly 1 , Jamie K Bartram 1, 4
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Exposure to toxic metals (TMs) such as lead can cause lifelong neurodevelopmental impairment and other adverse outcomes. TMs enter drinking water from human activity, geogenic contamination, and corrosion of water system components. Several studies report TM contamination in piped systems and private wells in high-income countries (HICs). However, few robust studies report on TM contamination in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVES We characterized the occurrence and investigated sources of TM contamination in 261 rural water systems in three West African LMICs to inform prevention and management. METHODS Water samples were collected from 261 community water systems (handpumps and public taps) across rural Ghana, Mali, and Niger. Scrapings were collected from accessible components of a subset of these systems using a drill with acid-washed diamond-tipped bits. Samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry or ICP optical emission spectroscopy. RESULTS Of the TMs studied, lead most frequently occurred at levels of concern in sampled water system components and water samples. Lead mass fractions exceeded International Plumbing Code (IPC) recommended limits (0.25% wt/wt) for components in 82% (107/130) of systems tested; brass components proved most problematic, with 72% (26/36) exceeding IPC limits. Presence of a brass component in a water system increased expected lead concentrations in drinking-water samples by 3.8 times. Overall, lead exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values in 9% (24/261) of drinking-water samples across countries; these results are broadly comparable to results observed in many HICs. Results did not vary significantly by geography or system type. DISCUSSION Ensuring use of lead-free (<0.25%) components in new water systems and progressively remediating existing systems could reduce drinking-water lead exposures and improve health outcomes for millions. However, reflexive decommissioning of existing systems may deprive users of sufficient water for health or drive them to riskier sources. Because supply chains for many water system components are global, TM monitoring, prevention, and management may be warranted in other LMICs beyond the study area as well. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804.

中文翻译:

西非三个国家的饮用水系统中存在铅和其他有毒金属。

背景技术暴露于铅等有毒金属(TMs)可能会导致终身神经发育障碍和其他不良后果。TMs是由于人类活动,地质污染和水系统组件的腐蚀而进入饮用水的。几项研究报告了高收入国家(HIC)管道系统和私人井中的TM污染。但是,很少有有力的研究报道中低收入国家(LMIC)的TM污染。目的我们对西非三个低收入和中等收入国家的261个农村供水系统中TM的污染源进行了特征分析,并调查了其来源,以为预防和管理提供依据。方法从加纳,马里和尼日尔农村地区的261个社区供水系统(手泵和公共水龙头)中收集水样。使用带有酸洗金刚石尖端的钻头,从这些系统的子集的可访问组件中收集碎片。通过电感耦合等离子体(ICP)质谱或ICP发射光谱对样品进行分析。结果在所研究的TM中,铅最频繁地出现在所采样的水系统成分和水样品中的关注水平上。在82%(107/130)的测试系统中,组件的铅质量分数超出了国际管道规范(IPC)的建议限值(0.25%wt / wt);黄铜零件被证明是最成问题的,超过IPC限制的占72%(26/36)。水系统中黄铜成分的存在使饮用水样品中的铅含量增加了3.8倍。全面的,各国中9%(24/261)的饮用水样本中的铅超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)的准则值;这些结果与许多HIC所观察到的结果大致相当。结果因地理位置或系统类型的不同而无明显差异。讨论确保在新水系统中使用无铅(<0.25%)成分并逐步修复现有系统可减少饮用水中铅的暴露并改善数百万人的健康状况。但是,现有系统的反射式退役可能会剥夺用户足够的水以保持健康,或驱使他们进入风险较高的水源。由于许多供水系统组成部分的供应链都是全球性的,因此在研究范围之外的其他中低收入国家中,也有必要对TM进行监控,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。这些结果与许多HIC所观察到的结果大致相当。结果因地理位置或系统类型的不同而无明显差异。讨论确保在新水系统中使用无铅(<0.25%)成分并逐步修复现有系统可减少饮用水中铅的暴露并改善数百万人的健康状况。但是,现有系统的反射式退役可能会剥夺用户足够的水以保持健康,或驱使他们进入风险较高的水源。由于许多供水系统组成部分的供应链都是全球性的,因此在研究范围之外的其他中低收入国家中,也有必要对TM进行监控,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。这些结果与许多HIC所观察到的结果大致相当。结果因地理位置或系统类型的不同而无明显差异。讨论确保在新水系统中使用无铅(<0.25%)成分并逐步修复现有系统可减少饮用水中铅的暴露并改善数百万人的健康状况。但是,现有系统的反射式退役可能会剥夺用户足够的水以保持健康,或驱使他们进入风险较高的水源。由于许多供水系统组成部分的供应链都是全球性的,因此在研究范围之外的其他中低收入国家中,也有必要对TM进行监控,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。新水系统中的25%)组件以及逐步修复现有系统可以减少饮用水中铅的暴露并改善数百万人的健康状况。但是,现有系统的反射式退役可能会剥夺用户足够的水以保持健康,或驱使他们进入风险较高的水源。由于许多供水系统组成部分的供应链都是全球性的,因此在研究范围之外的其他中低收入国家中,也有必要对TM进行监控,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。新水系统中的25%)组件以及逐步修复现有系统可以减少饮用水中铅的暴露并改善数百万人的健康状况。但是,现有系统的反射式退役可能会剥夺用户足够的水以保持健康,或驱使他们进入风险较高的水源。由于许多供水系统组成部分的供应链都是全球性的,因此在研究范围之外的其他中低收入国家中,也有必要对TM进行监控,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。研究范围以外的其他中低收入国家也可能需要进行TM监测,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。研究范围以外的其他中低收入国家也可能需要进行TM监测,预防和管理。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7804。
更新日期:2021-04-20
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