Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms, and the evaluation of their safety for human use in the food industry has become critical. This study examines the safety of Bacillus coagulans IDCC 1201 isolated from green malt by analyzing its genomic and phenotypic characteristics and determining its toxicity. The presence of antibiotic resistance and toxigenic genes and gene transferability were investigated using whole-genome analysis. The strain's hemolytic and enzyme activities, minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, and biogenic amine and D-lactate production were also examined. Furthermore, the principal properties of B. coagulans IDCC 1201 as probiotics, such as resistance to abiotic stress and intestinal adhesion, were studied. The whole-genome analysis demonstrated that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 had no antibiotic resistance or toxigenic genes; the strain was susceptible to the nine antibiotics proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Moreover, this strain lacked hemolytic and β-glucuronidase activities. Additionally, it was confirmed that B. coagulans IDCC 1201 produced undesirable metabolites, including biogenic amines or D-lactate, at a safe level. Finally, the strain exhibited functional potential as a probiotic in terms of abiotic tolerance, such as bile tolerance and intestinal adhesion in in vitro experiments. In conclusion, B. coagulans IDCC 1201 can be considered as a safe probiotic with regard to human health.

中文翻译：

---

从绿色麦芽中分离得到的凝结芽胞杆菌IDCC 1201的基于基因组，表型和毒性的安全性评估和益生菌效力。

益生菌是有益的微生物，对其在食品工业中对人类使用的安全性进行评估已变得至关重要。这项研究通过分析绿色芽孢杆菌的基因组和表型特征并确定其毒性，研究了从绿色麦芽中分离的凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201的安全性。使用全基因组分析研究了抗生素抗性和产毒基因的存在以及基因的可转移性。还检测了该菌株的溶血和酶活性，抗生素的最低抑菌浓度以及生物胺和D-乳酸的产生。此外，还研究了凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201作为益生菌的主要特性，例如对非生物胁迫的抵抗力和肠粘连性。全基因组分析表明B。凝结物IDCC 1201没有抗生素抗性或产毒基因；该菌株易受欧洲食品安全局（European Food Safety Authority）提议的9种抗生素的影响。此外，该菌株缺乏溶血和β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶活性。此外，已确认凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201产生了不安全的代谢产物，包括生物胺或D-乳酸。最后，在体外实验中，该菌株在非生物耐受性方面表现出作为益生菌的功能潜力，例如胆汁耐受性和肠粘连。总之，凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201可被视为对人类健康安全的益生菌。已确认凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201产生了不安全的代谢产物，包括生物胺或D-乳酸。最后，在体外实验中，该菌株在非生物耐受性方面表现出作为益生菌的功能潜力，例如胆汁耐受性和肠粘连。总之，凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201可被视为对人类健康安全的益生菌。已确认凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201产生了不安全的代谢产物，包括生物胺或D-乳酸。最后，在体外实验中，该菌株在非生物耐受性方面表现出作为益生菌的功能潜力，例如胆汁耐受性和肠粘连。总之，凝结芽孢杆菌IDCC 1201可被视为对人类健康安全的益生菌。