Older adults often demonstrate a monitoring deficit by producing more high-confidence memory errors on recognition memory tests. To eliminate lower memory performance by older adults (OA) as a candidate explanation, we studied how distinctive encoding enhances the retrieval-monitoring accuracy in older adults and younger adults (YA) under different delays (2-day delay for OA, 7-day delay for YA). Individuals viewed items consisting of four randomly selected exemplars (e.g., SALMON, BASS, PERCH, and SHARK) from a taxonomic category (e.g., FISH), one being designated as the to-be-remembered target. Participants were randomly assigned to two encoding conditions: Shared (generate a shared feature of all exemplars, e.g., GILLS) or Distinctive (generate a distinctive feature of the designated target). We collected retrospective confidence judgments (RCJs) after a five-alternative forced-choice (5AFC) recognition test, with the lures being either previously presented (old) exemplars or new category exemplars. Recall and recognition memory were better with distinctive encoding, with shared feature generation producing more high-confidence false alarms (HCFAs). Distinctive encoding dramatically reduced HCFAs and improved RCJ resolution. Comparison of OA with 2-day delay YA revealed age differences in HCFA consistent with previous studies. As important, age differences in memory for OA and 7-day delay YA were minimized, eliminating age deficits in HCFAs. Matching OAs to a subset of 7-day delay YAs on recognition memory produced additional evidence favoring the null hypothesis of age-equivalence in HCFAs. The results therefore indicated that age differences in recognition-based retrieval monitoring in a forced-choice recognition test are an epiphenomenon of age differences in memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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基于识别的检索中的年龄差异是否是记忆中年龄差异的附带现象？

老年人经常通过在识别记忆测试中产生更多高置信度的记忆错误来表现出监控缺陷。为了消除老年人 (OA) 较低的记忆性能作为候选解释，我们研究了在不同延迟（OA 延迟 2 天，7 天）下，独特的编码如何提高老年人和年轻人 (YA) 的检索监控准确性延迟 YA）。个人查看了由来自分类类别（例如，FISH）的四个随机选择的样本（例如，鲑鱼、鲈鱼、鲈鱼和鲨鱼）组成的项目，其中一个被指定为要记住的目标。参与者被随机分配到两种编码条件：共享（生成所有样本的共享特征，例如 GILLS）或独特（生成指定目标的独特特征）。我们在五种替代强制选择 (5AFC) 识别测试后收集了回顾性置信度判断 (RCJ)，诱饵要么是以前呈现的（旧）样本，要么是新类别的样本。使用独特的编码可以更好地回忆和识别记忆，共享特征生成会产生更高置信度的误报 (HCFA)。独特的编码显着减少了 HCFA 并提高了 RCJ 分辨率。OA 与 2 天延迟 YA 的比较显示 HCFA 的年龄差异与之前的研究一致。同样重要的是，OA 和 7 天延迟 YA 的记忆年龄差异被最小化，消除了 HCFA 的年龄缺陷。将 OA 与识别记忆中 7 天延迟 YA 的子集相匹配，产生了支持 HCFA 中年龄等效的零假设的额外证据。因此，结果表明，在强制选择识别测试中基于识别的检索监测中的年龄差异是记忆中年龄差异的附带现象。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。