People are often reluctant to speak out publicly as allies to marginalized groups. We conducted three preregistered studies examining whether pluralistic ignorance (Miller & McFarland, 1991; Prentice, 2007; Prentice & Miller, 1993) inhibits allyship. We first hypothesized that, if men rarely enact allyship toward women (e.g., in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics [STEM] fields), people will underestimate men's beliefs that sexism is problematic. Second, these misperceptions might then predict men's (and women's) own inaction, despite their private beliefs about gender bias. Additionally, men with higher masculinity concerns might be particularly inhibited from enacting allyship by their belief that other men are unconcerned with gender bias. All three studies yielded evidence that men and women underestimate men's privately expressed concerns about gender bias in STEM contexts. In correlational analyses, Studies 1 and 2 also revealed that among men high in precarious masculinity concerns, the belief that other men do not see bias as a problem predicted lower allyship intentions, controlling for their own beliefs about gender bias. Although experimentally correcting these beliefs with data changed perceptions (Studies 2 and 3), this was insufficient to increase allyship. Rather, in an ecologically valid behavioral paradigm (Study 3), allyship behavior was elevated when participants observed others confronting versus not confronting sexism. These findings suggest that perceptions of men's average beliefs inhibit allyship intentions; however, merely correcting these misperceptions might not be enough to motivate actual confrontation. We discuss the implications of these findings for a pluralistic ignorance account of allyship inhibition and for practical interventions aimed at promoting allyship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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男人的误判：多元无知会抑制盟友关系吗？

作为边缘化群体的盟友，人们通常不愿意公开发表意见。我们进行了三项预先注册的研究，检查多元无知（Miller & McFarland, 1991; Prentice, 2007; Prentice & Miller, 1993）是否会抑制盟友关系。我们首先假设，如果男性很少与女性建立盟友关系（例如，在科学、技术、工程和数学 [STEM] 领域），人们会低估男性认为性别歧视存在问题的信念。其次，这些误解可能会预测男性（和女性）自己的不作为，尽管他们私下相信性别偏见。此外，具有较高男子气概的男性可能会因为他们认为其他男性不关心性别偏见而特别难以建立盟友关系。所有三项研究都提供了证据，表明男性和女性低估了男性在 STEM 环境中私下表达的对性别偏见的担忧。在相关性分析中，研究 1 和 2 还显示，在男性气质不稳定的高度担忧中，认为其他男性不会将偏见视为问题的信念预示着较低的盟友意图，控制了他们自己对性别偏见的信念。尽管通过数据改变了认知（研究 2 和 3）实验性地纠正了这些信念，但这不足以增加盟友。相反，在生态上有效的行为范式（研究 3）中，当参与者观察到其他人面对而不是面对性别歧视时，盟友行为会提高。这些发现表明，对男性平均信念的看法抑制了结盟的意图；然而，仅仅纠正这些误解可能不足以激发实际对抗。我们讨论了这些发现对盟友抑制的多元无知解释以及旨在促进盟友关系的实际干预措施的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。