Neuro-immune interactions are essential for our body’s defense and homeostasis. Anatomical and physiological analyses have shown that the nervous system comprises multiple pathways that regulate the dynamics and functions of immune cells, which are mainly mediated by the autonomic nervous system and adrenal signals. These are disturbed when the neurons and circuits are damaged by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Injuries caused by stroke or trauma often cause immune dysfunction by abrogation of the immune-regulating neural pathways, which leads to an increased risk of infections. Here, I review the structures and functions of the neural pathways connecting the brain and the immune system, and the neurogenic mechanisms of immune dysfunction that emerge after CNS injuries. Recent technological advances in manipulating specific neural circuits have added mechanistic aspects of neuro-immune interactions and their dysfunctions. Understanding the neural bases of immune control and their pathological processes will deepen our knowledge of homeostasis and lead to the development of strategies to cure immune deficiencies observed in various CNS disorders.

中文翻译：

---

脑和脊髓损伤后恢复神经免疫回路

神经免疫相互作用对于我们身体的防御和体内平衡至关重要。解剖学和生理学分析表明，神经系统包含调节免疫细胞动力学和功能的多种途径，主要由自主神经系统和肾上腺信号介导。当神经元和电路因中枢神经系统 (CNS) 疾病而受损时，这些就会受到干扰。由中风或创伤引起的损伤通常会通过消除免疫调节神经通路而导致免疫功能障碍，从而导致感染风险增加。在这里，我回顾了连接大脑和免疫系统的神经通路的结构和功能，以及中枢神经系统损伤后出现的免疫功能障碍的神经源机制。操纵特定神经回路的最新技术进步增加了神经免疫相互作用及其功能障碍的机制方面。了解免疫控制的神经基础及其病理过程将加深我们对体内平衡的认识，并导致制定治疗各种中枢神经系统疾病中观察到的免疫缺陷的策略。