Many bacteria and archaea produce the redox cofactor F420. F420 is structurally similar to the cofactors FAD and FMN but is catalytically more similar to NAD and NADP. These properties allow F420 to catalyze challenging redox reactions, including key steps in methanogenesis, antibiotic biosynthesis, and xenobiotic biodegradation. In the last five years, there has been much progress in understanding its distribution, biosynthesis, role, and applications. Whereas F420 was previously thought to be confined to Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota, new evidence indicates it is synthesized across the bacterial and archaeal domains, as a result of extensive horizontal and vertical biosynthetic gene transfer. F420 was thought to be synthesized through one biosynthetic pathway; however, recent advances have revealed variants of this pathway and have resolved their key biosynthetic steps. In parallel, new F420-dependent biosynthetic and metabolic processes have been discovered. These advances have enabled the heterologous production of F420 and identified enantioselective F420H2-dependent reductases for biocatalysis. New research has also helped resolve how microorganisms use F420 to influence human and environmental health, providing opportunities for tuberculosis treatment and methane mitigation. Fifty years since its discovery, multiple paradigms associated with F420 have shifted, and new F420-dependent organisms and processes continue to be discovered.

中文翻译：

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辅助因子F420：有关其分布，生物合成以及在细菌和古细菌中的作用的扩展视图。

许多细菌和古细菌会产生氧化还原辅助因子F420。F420在结构上类似于辅因子FAD和FMN，但在催化上更类似于NAD和NADP。这些特性使F420能够催化具有挑战性的氧化还原反应，包括甲烷生成，抗生素生物合成和异种生物降解的关键步骤。在过去的五年中，在了解其分布，生物合成，作用和应用方面取得了很大进展。尽管以前认为F420仅限于放线菌和真细菌，但新证据表明，由于广泛的水平和垂直生物合成基因转移，F420是在细菌和古细菌域中合成的。F420被认为是通过一种生物合成途径合成的。然而，最近的进展揭示了该途径的变体，并解决了其关键的生物合成步骤。同时，还发现了新的依赖F420的生物合成和代谢过程。这些进展使得能够异源产生F420，并鉴定出对映选择性F420H2依赖的还原酶用于生物催化。新研究还帮助解决了微生物如何利用F420影响人类和环境健康的问题，为结核病治疗和减缓甲烷提供了机会。自发现以来的五十年，与F420相关的多种范例已经发生了转变，新的依赖F420的生物和过程不断被发现。这些进展使得能够异源产生F420，并鉴定出对映选择性F420H2依赖的还原酶用于生物催化。新研究还帮助解决了微生物如何利用F420影响人类和环境健康的问题，为结核病治疗和减缓甲烷提供了机会。自发现以来的五十年，与F420相关的多种范例已经发生了转变，新的依赖F420的生物和过程不断被发现。这些进展使得能够异源产生F420，并鉴定出对映选择性F420H2依赖的还原酶用于生物催化。新研究还帮助解决了微生物如何利用F420影响人类和环境健康的问题，为结核病治疗和减缓甲烷提供了机会。自发现以来的五十年，与F420相关的多种范例已经发生了转变，新的依赖F420的生物和过程不断被发现。