Protein lysine acetylation is an important posttranslational modification that regulates numerous biological processes. Targeting lysine acetylation regulatory factors, such as acetyltransferases, deacetylases, and acetyl-lysine recognition domains, has been shown to have potential for treating human diseases, including cancer and neurological diseases. Over the past decade, many other acyl-lysine modifications, such as succinylation, crotonylation, and long-chain fatty acylation, have also been investigated and shown to have interesting biological functions. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of different acyl-lysine modifications in mammals. We focus on lysine acetylation as it is well characterized, and principles learned from acetylation are useful for understanding the functions of other lysine acylations. We pay special attention to the sirtuins, given that the study of sirtuins has provided a great deal of information about the functions of lysine acylation. We emphasize the regulation of sirtuins to illustrate that their regulation enables cells to respond to various signals and stresses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 90 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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了解哺乳动物Sirtuins和蛋白质赖氨酸酰化的功能。

蛋白质赖氨酸乙酰化是重要的翻译后修饰，可调节许多生物学过程。靶向赖氨酸乙酰化调节因子，例如乙酰基转移酶，脱乙酰基酶和乙酰赖氨酸识别域，已显示具有治疗人类疾病（包括癌症和神经系统疾病）的潜力。在过去的十年中，还研究了许多其他的赖氨酸修饰，例如琥珀酰化，巴豆酰化和长链脂肪酰化，并显示出有趣的生物学功能。在这里，我们概述了哺乳动物中不同的酰基赖氨酸修饰的功能。我们着眼于赖氨酸乙酰化，因为它已被很好地表征，并且从乙酰化中学到的原理对于理解其他赖氨酸酰化的功能很有用。鉴于对sirtuins的研究已提供了大量有关赖氨酸酰化功能的信息，因此我们对sirtuins给予了特别的关注。我们强调沉默调节蛋白的调节，以说明它们的调节使细胞能够响应各种信号和应激。《生物化学年度评论》第90卷的最终最终在线发布日期为2021年6月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates以获取修订的估算值。