Why do people contribute to the well-being of others? What promotes or hinders their contribution? Framed by expectancy-value theory and the motivational theory of life span development, we use data from the Midlife in the United States National longitudinal study (MIDUS I, II, and III) to examine how individuals' perceived contributions to the well-being of others develop across adulthood, in the related but distinct forms of overall prosociality (more other-focused) and generativity (more self-focused). Our findings show that prosociality and generativity display similar, yet distinct trajectories, peaking in midlife a decade apart from each other, when expectancy and value for prosocial behavior are highest. Moreover, expectancy as reflected in perceived control and control strivings, and value as indicated by agreeableness, predict individuals' prosociality and generativity. Trajectories of prosocial contributions further differ according to individual differences in perceived control, control striving, education, income, and number of children, whereas trajectories of generativity only differ across levels of perceived control and income. By applying motivational and life span developmental perspectives, our study offers insight into how prosociality and generativity develop throughout adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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成年后的亲社会关系：发展和激励的观点。

人们为什么为他人的福祉做出贡献？是什么促进或阻碍了他们的贡献？在期望值理论和寿命发展的动机理论的框架下，我们使用美国国家纵向研究（MIDUS I，II和III）中年的数据来检验个人如何看待对幸福感的贡献。其他人则在成年后以相关但截然不同的整体亲社会（更多集中在其他方面）和生殖力（更加集中在自我）上发展。我们的发现表明，亲社会性和生殖性具有相似但截然不同的轨迹，当亲社会行为的期望值和价值最高时，相距十年的中年达到顶峰。而且，期望值反映在感知的控制和控制努力中，而价值则表示为可喜程度，预测个人的社会亲和力和创世能力。亲社会贡献的轨迹根据感知的控制，控制努力，教育，收入和儿童人数的个体差异而进一步不同，而生殖的轨迹仅在感知的控制和收入水平上有所不同。通过运用激励和生命跨度的发展观点，我们的研究可以洞悉成年后的亲社会感和生殖能力如何发展。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。通过运用激励和生命跨度的发展观点，我们的研究可以洞悉成年后的亲社会感和生殖能力如何发展。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。通过运用激励和生命跨度的发展观点，我们的研究可以洞悉成年后的亲社会感和生殖能力如何发展。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。