Evolutionary rescue occurs when genetic change allows a population to persist in response to an environmental change that would otherwise have led to extinction. Most studies of evolutionary rescue assume that species have either fully clonal or fully sexual reproduction; however, many species have partially clonal reproductive strategies in which they reproduce both clonally and sexually. Furthermore, the few evolutionary rescue studies that have evaluated partially clonal reproduction did not consider fluctuations in the environment, which are nearly ubiquitous in nature. Here, we use individual-based simulations to investigate how environmental fluctuations (either uncorrelated or positively autocorrelated) influence the effect of clonality on evolutionary rescue. We show that, for moderate magnitudes of environmental fluctuations, as was found in the absence of fluctuations, increasing the degree of clonality increases the probability of population persistence in response to an abrupt environmental change, but decreases persistence in response to a continuous, directional environmental change. However, with large magnitudes of fluctuations, both the benefits of clonality following a step change and the detrimental effects of clonality following a continuous, directional change are generally reduced; in fact, in the latter scenario, increasing clonality can even become beneficial if environmental fluctuations are autocorrelated. We also show that increased generational overlap dampens the effects of environmental fluctuations. Overall, we demonstrate that understanding the evolutionary rescue of partially clonal organisms requires not only knowledge of the species life history and the type of environmental change, but also an understanding of the magnitude and autocorrelation of environmental fluctuations.

中文翻译：

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环境波动抑制了克隆繁殖对进化拯救的影响。

进化拯救发生在遗传变化允许种群持续响应环境变化时，否则会导致灭绝。大多数关于进化拯救的研究都假设物种要么完全克隆要么完全有性繁殖；然而，许多物种具有部分克隆繁殖策略，它们通过克隆和有性繁殖。此外，少数评估部分克隆繁殖的进化救援研究没有考虑环境中的波动，这在自然界中几乎无处不在。在这里，我们使用基于个体的模拟来研究环境波动（不相关或正自相关）如何影响克隆对进化拯救的影响。我们表明，对于中等幅度的环境波动，正如在没有波动的情况下所发现的那样，增加克隆度会增加种群对突然环境变化的持久性的可能性，但在对连续、定向的环境变化的反应中会降低持久性。然而，随着大幅度的波动，阶跃变化后克隆性的好处和连续、定向变化后克隆性的不利影响通常都会减少；事实上，在后一种情况下，如果环境波动是自相关的，增加克隆甚至会变得有益。我们还表明，代际重叠的增加会抑制环境波动的影响。总体，