The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious pest of apple in North America that is subject to quarantine measures to prevent its spread to currently pest-free regions, including the tropics. How the fly may survive in warmer climates is unclear. Here, we studied the effects of exposing postchill puparia to simulated temperate and tropical environmental conditions on eclosion of R. pomonella from Washington State, U.S.A. Puparia were chilled for 0–30 wk at 3°C and then held under four postchill conditions: A = 23°C, 16:8 L:D, 40% RH; B = 26°C, 12:12 L:D, 80% RH; C = 26°C, 16:8 L:D, 80% RH; and D = 23°C, 12:12 L:D, 40% RH, with B and D representing tropical conditions and A and C temperate conditions. Within each chill duration, total numbers of flies eclosed were equally high in tropical treatment B and temperate treatment C, while they were lower in treatments A and D. Mean weeks of the first eclosion in treatments B and C were earlier than in treatment D; mean week of peak eclosion and 50% eclosion in treatments A, B, and C were earlier than in treatment D. Eclosion spans in treatments A, B, and D were generally shorter than in treatment C. Results suggest that if introduced into a humid tropical country, R. pomonella puparia from Washington State could produce adult flies, regardless of chill duration or lack of chilling during the pupal stage, but whether flies could establish there would require further study.

中文翻译：

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不同寒冷持续时间和模拟温带和热带条件下波门氏菌（双翅目：Tephritidae）的羽化

苹果蛆蝇，Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)（双翅目：Tephritidae）是北美一种严重的苹果害虫，需要采取检疫措施以防止其传播到包括热带在内的目前无害虫的地区。苍蝇如何在温暖的气候中生存尚不清楚。在这里，我们研究了将寒后蛹暴露在模拟的温带和热带环境条件下对美国华盛顿州波门氏菌羽化的影响 将蛹在 3°C 下冷藏 0-30 周，然后在四种寒后条件下保持：A = 23°C, 16:8 L:D, 40% RH; B = 26°C，12:12 L:D，80% RH；C = 26°C，16:8 L:D，80% RH；D = 23°C，12:12 L:D，40% RH，B 和 D 代表热带条件，A 和 C 代表温带条件。在每个寒冷持续时间内，热带处理 B 和温带处理 C 的苍蝇总数同样高，而处理 A 和 D 较低。处理 B 和 C 的第一次羽化的平均周数早于处理 D；处理 A、B 和 C 的平均羽化周数和 50% 的羽化比处理 D 早。处理 A、B 和 D 的羽化跨度通常比处理 C 短。结果表明，如果引入潮湿的热带国家，来自华盛顿州的 R. pomonella puparia 可以产生成虫，无论在蛹期的寒冷持续时间或缺乏寒冷，但苍蝇是否可以在那里建立还需要进一步研究。