OBJECTIVE Children in low-income, urban neighborhoods are at high risk of exposure to violence (ETV) across settings and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Little research has examined how multiple forms of ETV co-occur and relate to variations in children's posttraumatic responses. Furthermore, previous research primarily uses variable-centered methods, which can obscure person-level differences. The current study used person-centered methods to derive commonly occurring patterns of ETV by examining frequency of witnessing and victimization across family, school, and community contexts. The current study related profiles of ETV to demographic variables and PTSS, with the goal of obtaining nuanced representations of urban children's experiences of, risk factors for, and responses to violence. METHOD Patterns of ETV were examined in a sample of 239 African American 7th grade youth using latent profile analysis. Profiles were related to demographic variables and PTSS using logistic regression. RESULTS Results showed three profiles: Low (N = 130, 54.4%), Moderate (N = 87; 36.4%), and High (N = 22; 9.2%) Exposure groups. The High Exposure group showed the highest levels of PTSS. The Moderate group showed the lowest levels of all PTSS, except dissociation. In contrast, the Low Exposure group showed significantly higher numbing and hypervigilance than the Moderate Exposure group. CONCLUSIONS Results support a dose-response model of ETV and PTSS, but implicate situational factors (e.g., setting) as important in understanding posttraumatic responses. The systematic variation in ETV and subsequent differences in PTSS expression illustrate the need for individualized trauma-informed intervention and thorough screenings in low-income, urban neighborhoods.

中文翻译：

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儿童在各种背景下遭受暴力与创伤后应激症状有关。


目标 低收入城市社区的儿童遭受各种环境暴力 (ETV) 和随后出现创伤后应激症状 (PTSS) 的风险很高。很少有研究探讨多种形式的 ETV 如何同时发生以及如何与儿童创伤后反应的变化相关。此外，以往的研究主要使用以变量为中心的方法，这可能会掩盖人与人之间的差异。当前的研究采用以人为本的方法，通过检查家庭、学校和社区环境中目击和受害的频率来得出 ETV 的常见模式。当前的研究将 ETV 概况与人口变量和 PTSS 联系起来，目的是获得城市儿童的暴力经历、风险因素和应对措施的细致入微的表征。方法 使用潜在特征分析，对 239 名非裔美国七年级青少年的 ETV 模式进行了检查。使用逻辑回归将概况与人口统计变量和 PTSS 相关。结果 结果显示了三种情况：低暴露组（N = 130，54.4%）、中暴露组（N = 87；36.4%）和高暴露组（N = 22；9.2%）。高暴露组的 PTSS 水平最高。除解离外，中度组的所有 PTSS 水平最低。相比之下，低度暴露组比中度暴露组表现出明显更高的麻木感和高度警惕性。结论 结果支持 ETV 和 PTSS 的剂量反应模型，但暗示情境因素（例如环境）对于理解创伤后反应很重要。 ETV 的系统性变化以及随后 PTSS 表达的差异表明，需要在低收入城市社区进行个性化的创伤知情干预和彻底筛查。