Variation in selfing rates within and among populations of hermaphroditic flowering plants can strongly influence the evolution of reproductive strategies and the genetic structure of populations. This intraspecific variation in mating patterns may reflect both genetic and ecological factors, but the relative importance of these factors remains poorly understood. Here, we explore how selfing in 13 natural populations of the perennial wildflower Mimulus ringens is influenced by (a) pollinator visitation, an ecological factor, and (b) floral display, a trait with a genetic component that also responds to environmental variation. We also explore whether genetically based floral traits, including herkogamy, affect selfing. We found substantial variation among populations in selfing rate (0.13-0.55). Selfing increased strongly and significantly with floral display, among as well as within populations. Selfing also increased at sites with lower pollinator visitation and low plant density. However, selfing was not correlated with floral morphology. Overall, these results suggest that pollinator visitation and floral display, two factors that interact to affect geitonogamous pollinator movements, can influence the selfing rate. This study identifies mechanisms that may play a role in maintaining selfing rate variation among populations.

中文翻译：

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自交率随花卉展示、传粉媒介访问和植物密度在蓼天然种群中变化。

雌雄同体开花植物种群内部和种群之间自交率的变化可以强烈影响繁殖策略的进化和种群的遗传结构。这种交配模式的种内变异可能反映了遗传和生态因素，但这些因素的相对重要性仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们探索了 13 个多年生野花 Mimulus ringens 自然种群的自交如何受到 (a) 传粉者访问、生态因素和 (b) 花卉展示的影响，这是一种具有遗传成分的性状，也会对环境变化做出反应。我们还探讨了基于遗传的花卉特征（包括雌雄同体）是否会影响自交。我们发现自交率（0.13-0.55）在种群之间存在很大差异。随着花卉展示，种群之间以及种群内部，自交强烈而显着地增加。在传粉媒介访问量较低和植物密度较低的地点，自交也增加了。然而，自交与花的形态无关。总体而言，这些结果表明传粉媒介访问和花卉展示，这两个相互作用影响雌雄同体传粉媒介运动的因素，可以影响自交率。这项研究确定了可能在维持种群间自交率变化方面发挥作用的机制。相互作用影响geitonogamous传粉者运动的两个因素可以影响自交率。这项研究确定了可能在维持种群间自交率变化方面发挥作用的机制。相互作用影响geitonogamous传粉者运动的两个因素可以影响自交率。这项研究确定了可能在维持种群间自交率变化方面发挥作用的机制。