Plants have an extraordinary diversity of transcription machineries, including five nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Four of these enzymes are dedicated to the production of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are ribonucleic acids with functions independent of their protein-coding potential. lncRNAs display a broad range of lengths and structures, but they are distinct from the small RNA guides of RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. lncRNAs frequently serve as structural, catalytic, or regulatory molecules for gene expression. They can affect all elements of genes, including promoters, untranslated regions, exons, introns, and terminators, controlling gene expression at various levels, including modifying chromatin accessibility, transcription, splicing, and translation. Certain lncRNAs protect genome integrity, while others respond to environmental cues like temperature, drought, nutrients, and pathogens. In this review, we explain the challenge of defining lncRNAs, introduce the machineries responsible for their production, and organize this knowledge by viewing the functions of lncRNAs throughout the structure of a typical plant gene. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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植物中的长非编码RNA。

植物具有极其多样的转录机制，包括五种依赖核DNA的RNA聚合酶。这些酶中的四种酶专门用于生产长的非编码RNA（lncRNA），它们是核糖核酸，其功能与其蛋白编码潜能无关。lncRNA的长度和结构范围很广，但是它们不同于RNA干扰（RNAi）途径的小RNA向导。lncRNA通常充当基因表达的结构，催化或调节分子。它们可以影响基因的所有元素，包括启动子，非翻译区，外显子，内含子和终止子，以各种水平控制基因表达，包括修饰染色质可及性，转录，剪接和翻译。某些lncRNA保护基因组完整性，而其他人则对温度，干旱，养分和病原体等环境线索做出反应。在这篇综述中，我们解释了定义lncRNA的挑战，介绍了负责其生产的机制，并通过查看典型植物基因整个结构中lncRNA的功能来组织这种知识。《植物生物学年度评论》第72卷的最终最终在线发布日期为2021年5月。有关修订的估算，请参见http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。