Understanding the role of negative emotionality in the development of executive functioning (EF) and language skills can help identify developmental windows that may provide promising opportunities for intervention. In addition, because EF and language skills are, in part, genetically influenced, intergenerational transmission patterns are important to consider. The prospective parent-offspring adoption design used in this study provides a unique opportunity to examine the intergenerational transmission of EF and language skills. Participants were 561 children adopted around the time of birth. Accounting for birth mother EF and language contributions, we examined the role of child negative emotionality in toddlerhood (age 9 to 27 months) and childhood (age 4.5 to 7 years) on child EF and language skills in first grade (age 7 years). There was continuity in EF from age 27 months to 7 years, and in language ability from age 27 months to 7 years, with no cross-lagged effects between child EF and language ability. Negative emotionality at age 9 months predicted lower EF and lower language abilities at age 7 years, and growth in negative emotionality from age 4.5 to 7 years predicted lower child EF at age 7 years. Overall, findings suggested that lower negative emotionality at age 9 months was associated with higher toddler and child EF and language skills and that preventing growth in negative emotionality from age 4.5 to 7 years may lead to improvements in child EF. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

消极情绪在从幼儿期到一年级的儿童执行功能和语言能力发展中的作用：一项收养研究。

了解负面情绪在执行功能 (EF) 和语言技能发展中的作用有助于识别可能提供有希望的干预机会的发展窗口。此外，由于 EF 和语言技能在一定程度上受到遗传影响，因此代际传播模式也很重要。本研究中使用的预期亲子收养设计提供了一个独特的机会来检查 EF 和语言技能的代际传递。参与者是 561 名出生前后被收养的儿童。考虑到生母的 EF 和语言贡献，我们研究了幼儿期（9 至 27 个月）和儿童期（4.5 至 7 岁）儿童消极情绪对儿童 EF 和一年级（7 岁）语言技能的影响。27个月至7岁的EF和27个​​月至7岁的语言能力存在连续性，儿童EF和语言能力之间不存在交叉滞后效应。9 个月时的消极情绪预示着 7 岁时较低的 EF 和较低的语言能力，而 4.5 至 7 岁时消极情绪的增长则预示着 7 岁时儿童 EF 较低。总体而言，研究结果表明，9 个月时较低的负面情绪与较高的幼儿和儿童 EF 和语言技能相关，并且防止 4.5 至 7 岁时负面情绪的增长可能会导致儿童 EF 的改善。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。